SASP factors range from inflammatory and immune - modulatory cytokines to chemokines as well as growth factors,
shed cell surface molecules, survival factors and extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes.
Elevated plasma concentrations of soluble forms of endothelial adhesion
molecules, released from
shedding or proteolytic cleavage from the endothelial
cell surface, are considered useful indicators of endothelial dysfunction and activation (20, 25).