The global mean aerosol radiative forcing caused by
the ship emissions ranges from -12.5 to -23 mW / m ^ 2, depending on whether the mixing between black carbon and sulfate is included in the model.
The development of STEAM allows studies of
ship emissions ranging from harbor scale to global applications.
Not exact matches
Potential GHG
emissions reductions from efficiency improvements on new vehicle designs in 2030 compared with today
range from 40 — 70 % for LDVs, 30 — 50 % for HDVs, up to 50 % for aircraft, and for new
ships when combining technology and operational measures, up to 60 %.
The specific pattern of changes, revealed in objects
ranging from
ship logs to ice caps to tree rings, closely matched the predicted effects of greenhouse gas
emissions.
The topics covered
ranged from
shipping in the Arctic, to green house gas
emissions, to general maritime law developments.