Mao's research, which focuses on quantum materials such as superconductors, magnetic materials and topological materials, was carried out in response to the need for better ways to power electronics, especially given continually
shrinking transistors in smartphones and other devices.
They are rapidly reaching the limits of physics in terms of transistor size — it isn't possible to continue
shrinking the transistors to fit more on a chip.
Shrinking transistors and the rise of microprocessors have given us immense control over the first: the capacity to store and manipulate data that we hold in the palms of our hands would have been inconceivable a generation ago.
Yet, the pace of innovation and new efficiencies to be had from
shrinking transistors has slowed.
A goal shared by computer chip makers is to keep
shrinking the transistor: squeeze ever more onto a single chip and you increase its computational power.
Not exact matches
The
transistors on the processor inside your PC might be only about 100 atoms across, and improvements in manufacturing technology will keep them
shrinking — at least, for the time being.
The computer's performance has generally been improved through upgrades in digital semiconductor performance:
shrinking the size of the semiconductor's
transistors to ramp up transaction speed, packing more of them onto the chip to increase processing power, and even substituting silicon with compounds such as gallium arsenide or indium phosphide, which allow electrons to move at a higher velocity.
But isn't the conventional silicon
transistor doomed by fabrication problems as sizes
shrink?
Over the last several decades, scientists and engineers have been able to both
shrink the average
transistor size and dramatically reduce its production costs.
«Single molecules can work as reproducible
transistors — at room temperature: Researchers are first to reproducibly achieve the current blockade effect using atomically precise molecules at room temperature, a result that could lead to
shrinking electrical components + boosting data storage + computing power.»
Carbon nanotubes may be the key to
shrinking down
transistors and squeezing more computer power into less space.
Novoselov says the miniature
transistor will be well suited for the demands of ever -
shrinking electronic devices, which require a lot of power packed into a small area.
For decades, progress in electronics has meant
shrinking the size of each
transistor to pack more
transistors on a chip.
For decades the electronics industry has hummed along according to what is known as Moore's law: As technology progresses and circuitry
shrinks, the number of
transistors that can be squeezed onto a silicon chip doubles every two years or so.
But as the size of modern
transistors continues to
shrink, the gate material becomes so thin that it can no longer block electrons from leaking through — a phenomenon known as the quantum tunneling effect.
The sensors, which the researchers have already
shrunk to a 1 millimeter cube — about the size of a large grain of sand — contain a piezoelectric crystal that converts ultrasound vibrations from outside the body into electricity to power a tiny, on - board
transistor that is in contact with a nerve or muscle fiber.
Transistors can shuttle single electrons, so their size presents no obstacle to
shrinking a chip.
To keep up with Moore's Law, engineers must keep
shrinking the size of
transistors.
Although Moore's Law might not continue if
transistors can't be
shrunk, the post-silicon future shouldn't be overlooked.
Manufacturing advances would allow the chip's
transistors to
shrink and
shrink, so electrical signals would have to travel less distance to process information.
To
shrink its microprocessor circuitry elements to today's 22 - nanometer size — just 22 billionths of a meter — Intel had to develop a technology called tri-gate
transistors in which silicon semiconductor material protrudes in fin - shaped ridges.
While we are slowing approaching the end point of Moore's Law: a state where we physically can not
shrink the dimension of our
transistors much further.
Intel's upcoming Ivy Bridge processor based on the world's first tri-gate
transistor is going to be more than just a die
shrink from 32nm to 22nm.
Pixels can suffer from lower aperture at higher resolutions, as
transistor sizes can't be
shrunk further, reducing peak brightness and wasting energy.
By
shrinking the process, Apple was able to include more
transistors in a smaller space, which is expected to boost performance and battery life.