The same freedom that empowers a statistician to pick a true
signal out of the noise also enables a dishonest scientist to manufacture nearly any result he or she wishes.
The challenge lies in the fact that natural variability is always a part of any extreme weather event, so when scientists do attribution exercises, they are trying to discern the human
signal out of the noise.
It's just that instead of so much ego - publishing in PNAS / Nature / Science and so much emphasis on the answer (the recon) and in backing up his earlier work, it out to be explored as an approach that may extract
signal out of noise.
I believe that we can use some straightforward techniques to try to dig
some signal out of the noise.
Not exact matches
«Small businesses have a lot
of great deals, but it's difficult for consumers to know what's
out there and to filter the
signal from the
noise,» says Signpost CEO Stuart Wall, who co-founded the company (then named Postabon) in 2009.
As the amount
of information rises around an investment decision, the greater the likelihood that
noise will crowd
out core
signal in the process.
«One
of our biggest challenges was to make it possible to compare various measured data and climate archives from a wide variety
of regions and filter
out the natural
noise that can greatly distort the
signal of climate archives.»
Other astronomers say the method
of pulling faint planetary
signals out of background
noise needs to be verified.
«It's fabulous that our waveform models have pulled
out from the
noise such a weak but incredibly valuable gravitational wave
signal,» said Alessandra Buonanno, a UMD College Park Professor
of Physics and LSC principal investigator who also has an appointment as Director at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics in Potsdam, Germany.
Although the electrical activity
of muscles, he explained, is normally considered as artifact
noise that needs to be filtered
out to attain clean EEG
signals that are
of interest, they are still informative about how facial muscles move, such as during a wink.
«Trying to tease
out an ENSO
signal from both the natural
noise and the human
noise becomes quite complicated,» said coauthor Michael Tippett, from Columbia University's Fu Foundation School
of Engineering and Applied Science.
That detection was riddled with problems, drawn
out from spurious data, and ignored a low
signal - to -
noise ratio in search
of a sensational new planet, the kind science fiction has long dreamed
of.
We found a clear learning and adaptation «
signal» during wildfires» anniversaries, which stood
out against the «
noise»
of wildfire reporting over the rest
of our sample.
A previous study, published in 2013 in PLOS Biology by auditory neuroscientist Andrew King and his laboratory at the University
of Oxford in England, showed that brain cells can enhance the gain
of their responses, increasing the
signal corresponding to the sound
of interest, while tuning
out the
noise.
Rather than trying to filter
out the
signal «
noise» from stars around which exoplanets are orbiting, Yale scientists studied all
of the
signal information together to understand the intricacies within its structure.
The team, led by Ashleigh Theberge, Assistant Professor, Department
of Chemistry, will create new analytical chemistry and engineering tools that pull
out key molecules from a mix
of molecular
noise in order to selectively «listen» to molecular
signals produced by specific fungi, bacteria, or human cells.
Akin to a giant set
of noise - canceling headphones, their work helped researchers home in on deep space
signals while blocking
out everything else.
The researchers tested
out their device on a mouse model and found that the electrodes can record action and local field potentials
of neurons with high
signal - to -
noise ratio.
When the waves
of these separated telescopes are combined, the
signals get stronger and the
noise flattens
out, creating sharper views
of radio objects.
In order to extract the
signal of a planet in an image, there is a lot
of interference I have to take
out: the random
noise from the camera's own electronics, the scattered light around the coronagraph, and the rotation
of the individual exposures.
But after exposure to loud
noises, these cells can start behaving aberrantly, messing up their timing so they begin to synchronize their
signals and fire without a
noise to tune
out, which results in a perception
of sound where none exists.
But they still took great pains to rule
out alternative explanations, scrutinizing a variety
of detector data and the output
of numerous on - site instruments that measure seismic activity, radio interference and many other possible sources
of «
noise» that could conceivably mimic a gravitational - wave
signal, team members said.
They begin to bleed together and resemble little more than
signal noise, but she breaks
out of morass deftly in The Post.
The
noise cancellation system does a nice job
of filtering
out excess racket from the mechanical parts and systems, and we enjoyed the brief moments
of pure silence when the car came to a stop and both engines would shut down, saving fuel and patiently waiting for us to lift our foot off the brake pedal as a
signal to get things moving again.
Ironically, most
of his takeaways are things that weren't unknown to anyone paying attention a year ago, including the value
of an email list; the importance
of an author's platform; the increasingly
out -
of - whack
signal:
noise ratio in the market; print as premium product; the power
of free promotions combined with targeted marketing; and, perhaps the most obvious, ebooks have a long way to go before they replace print.
It's the reason why people hire and pay the wages for marketers and promoters — getting enough
signal attached to your book to boost it
out of the
noise and into the public eye.
However,
signals on the lower time frames are naturally less reliable than
signals on the daily chart because the daily chart works to «smooth»
out the
noise and randomness that can occur on time frames below it, thus showing you a more accurate picture
of the market.
Think
of the daily chart as a sort
of natural «filter» for bad trade entries, since it filters
out the
noise and irrelevancy
of the lower time frame price movement and as a result, the
signals on the daily chart are more reliable.
I remember when I first got started day - trading, there was so many false
signals and
noise... most
of the time I would get stopped
out almost as soon as I entered a position.
The methods one develops for this should be able to handle a reasonable amount
of non-climatic
noise and still pull
out the correct
signal.
These archives can be corrupted with non-climatic
noise, but by putting a lot
of them together we hope to be able to figure
out the common
signal in time and space since the non-climatic
noise will not be correlated across all proxies.
What I was reminded
of though is something along the lines
of the hypothesis
of a very weak
signal / stochastic - resonance idea, where «
noise» and a very weak «
signal» could combine (similar to some
of the D - O hypotheses
out there).
Think about it this way, if you can model
out the
noise of natural variation, you can see the human climate
signal.
For larger forcings (say a big volcanic eruption), the
signal can rise
out of the weather «
noise» more rapidly.
What I like about the practice, despite efforts to commercialize it, is how a hashtag can create communities focused on important questions — sifting
signal out of all the Kardashian March Madness Bieber
noise in social and online media.
[Response: This is the sort
of comment that we will typically screen
out, because it increases the «
noise» relative to the «
signal» in the discussion.
If you have a system with lots
of noise, cancelling known components
of that
noise is a well tested method for bringing
out signal.
And that
signal is not being drowned
out by the
noise of cultural antagonism.
If there is any Climate Sensitivity to CO2, to date we have been unable to eek
out the
signal to CO2 induced warming from the
noise of natural variation notwithstanding the use
of our best and most sophisticated measuring devices and the inherent shortcomings
of our measurement systems and error bounds.
It is therefore a gross over simplification to say weather (ie turbulence) =
noise can be averaged
out to pick up some kind
of imaginary background bulk
signal.
Meanwhile it does not answer the main point
of my last post, which is that that most climatologists view this aspect
of the earth's environment as «weather» (or statistical
noise) and that if you measure temperatures for long enough periods
of time (30 + years) the effect
of clouds, rain and water vapour average
out and a temperature trend
signal will become apparent.
The
noise that many want to cancel
out or dismiss or claim that it all adds up to zero is a cacophony
of interfering and amplifying
signals from the elsewhere that are poorly understood at best.
Th only possibilities consistent with the theory are: (1) if you don't see warming in a particular metric, it is the result
of the lack
of good metrics or because it is
out there somewhere or, (2) if you don't see warming and you think the metrics valid, then what you are looking at is an insignificant trend — just
noise amidst the
signal.
It would be difficult to tease this
signal out of the temperature since the immediate impact is short and small looking more like
noise.
The peaks are where the
signal rises
out of the
noise in the model.
On our trpospheric scatter radio system we had four receivers with phase correctors which when combined would pull the
signal up
out of the
noise.
The burden
of having to figure
out which samples are
signal - rich and which are
noise - rich can hardly be called an «advantage».
In contrast, in electronics, dealing with one - off events,
noise is something that has a value that can not be diminished, and the key is not how to average it
out, but
out to make meaning
of the
signal: how strong is the
signal to the
noise.
In the end, the antics
of the ocean and WV, which may indeed have the sun as the conductor, far outweigh that
of co2 though an underlying
signal may be there, which given the way temperatures bounce up and down in response to the enso, may be no greater than
noise Peace
out
Under such circumstances, the
noise will cancel
out in a linear combination
of proxies (reconstruction) and a «
signal» will emerge.