«We knew that
signaling proteins associated with patterning other parts of the body [were] found in the embryo cortex, but we did not have an easy way to find out what they were doing there,» neurobiologist Elizabeth Grove of the University of Chicago says.
Not exact matches
The researchers found that, in response to the maximum tolerated doses of several commonly used chemotherapy drugs, breast cancer -
associated fibroblasts secrete large amounts of cell
signaling proteins called ELR + chemokines.
The research team, including Soumen Paul, Ph.D.,
associate professor, Arindam Paul, Ph.D., assistant professor, and Ossama Tawfik, professor, M.D., Ph. D., all in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and their colleagues, studied atypical
protein kinase c lambda / iota
signaling during the invasive progression of triple - negative breast cancer.
In the hippocampus and the amygdala, areas of the brain thought to be
associated with episodic memory, researchers had shown that the chemical
signaling agent called glutamate acts like a key in the lock of some of these
protein «flood gates.»
And, longer - term, misdiagnosing Zika as dengue has another complication: Patients may not be on the lookout for the weakness that could
signal the early onset of the
associated autoimmune disorder; Guillain — Barré has no cure but there are several therapies they could tap that are known to help speed recovery — involving blood removal or injections of donor
proteins.
The root fluoresces green when the TCSn gene
associated with cytokinin activation is turned on because it is fused with a jellyfish
protein that acts as a reporter
signal.
The inhibition of this
signaling pathway by NT219 protected worms from toxic
protein aggregation that in humans is
associated with the development of Alzheimer's or Huntington's disease.
But that is probably not the only route through which neuregulin - 1 confers its benefits, and the group is exploring other possible mechanisms — such as whether the
protein improves
signaling between neurons, which is impaired in Alzheimer's — says the study's first author Jiqing Xu, a research
associate in Lee's group.
«We found that the well - known Notch
protein is responsible for keeping blood vessels from becoming leaky, and does so through a secondary
signaling pathway that operates in a completely different manner than its known transcription - based pathway,» says Chris Chen, M.D., Ph.D.,
Associate Faculty member of the Wyss Institute and Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Boston University, who is the corresponding author of the paper.
Even if mutations are rare, however, locating a gene and its
associated protein, says cardiologist Douglas Zipes of the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, «will give a major advantage» to researchers trying to unravel the biochemical triggers of the erratic electrical
signals in all patients.
Among the areas where the researchers have seen intriguing dissimilarities between humans and gorillas are in genes
associated with sensory perception, keratin (a skin
protein) production, insulin regulation, immunity, reproduction and cell
signaling.
«But we have to further study the functions of this histone, identify the other
proteins with which it is
associated, and determine the enzymes that modify it and why and the cell
signalling pathways involved,» explain the scientists.
Once the bacterial cell
signaling protein cagA reaches the host cytosol, it is capable of altering subsequent generations of progenitor cells, leading to the development of cancer through changes in mitotic activity, apoptosis, cellular assembly, and
signaling.26 Although it should be noted that while the presence of the cagA
protein doubles the risk of gastric cancer, cagA - negative strands also increase the risk of distal gastric cancer.27 Additional H pylori virulence factors include babA2, which encodes bacterial adhesion with gastric epithelial cells, and vacuolating cytotoxin A, which is encoded by the gene vacA.28, 29 H pylori strains carrying some combination of the babA2, cagA, and vacA genes were
associated with the highest risk of developing intestinal metaplasia.
Moreover, large - scale screens in the C. elegans DMD model allowed identifying genetic and pharmacologic suppressors of dystrophin - dependent muscle degeneration; some of them positively impact mitochondrial functions or structure under stress conditions, or are involved in
signaling pathways linked to mitochondria, and others are
associated to proteostasis pathways such as autophagy, proteasome and Unfolded
Protein Response (UPR).
Daniela Panakova (Eaton, MPG)-- «Lipoprotein particles
associate with lipid - linked
proteins and are required for long - range wingless and hedgehog
signaling» (2005)
The evidence of ortholog genes expression which likely
associated with Smad
proteins, Wnt, TGF - β
signaling pathways, and cartilage formation in S. pistillata supports previous reports suggesting that gene regulatory pathways of development and biomineralization processes across the metazoan evolution are considerably conserved (Jackson et al., 2007; Marin et al., 2008).
In the absence of Wnt
signaling, we found that Tcf factors
associate with
proteins of the Groucho family of transcriptional repressors to repress target gene transcription.
Persistent DNA damage and DDR
signaling triggers senescent cells to secrete immunomodulatory
proteins, a phenomenon known as the senescence -
associated secretory phenotype (SASP).
Abbreviations: ASC, apoptosis -
associated speck - like
protein containing a caspase - recruitment domain; ATM, adipose - tissue - resident macrophage; BAT, brown adipose tissue; CCR2, CC chemokine receptor 2; CHOP, C / EBP (CCAAT / enhancer - binding
protein)- homologous
protein; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GPCR, G -
protein - coupled receptor; HIF, hypoxia - inducible factor; IFNγ, interferon γ; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IL, interleukin; IRS - 1, insulin receptor substrate - 1; JNK, c - Jun N - terminal kinase; LDL, low - density lipoprotein; Ldlr, LDL receptor; LXR, liver X receptor; MCP - 1, monocyte chemoattractant
protein 1; miRNA, microRNA; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NF - κB, nuclear factor κB; NLRP3, NLR (nucleotide - binding - domain - and leucine - rich - repeat - containing) family, pyrin - domain - containing 3; oxLDL, oxidized LDL; PKR, double - stranded RNA - dependent
protein kinase; PPAR, peroxisome - proliferator - activated receptor; STAT6,
signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; SVF, stromal vascular fraction; TLR, Toll - like receptor; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor α; UPR, unfolded
protein response; WAT, white adipose tissue
In 2005, the identification of an activating mutation in JAK2 (the V617F mutation) as a STAT5 - activating and disease - causing genetic alteration in a significant proportion of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) has emphasized the oncogenic role of the JAK tyrosine kinases in hematologic malignancies.2 — 5 JAK2 is a member of the Janus tyrosine kinase family comprising three other mammalian non-receptor tyrosine kinases (JAK1, JAK3 and TYK2) that
associate with cytokine receptors lacking intrinsic kinase activity to mediate cytokine - induced
signal transduction and activation of STAT transcription factors.6 All JAKs share a similar
protein structure and contain a tyrosine kinase domain at the C - terminus flanked by a catalytically inactive pseudokinase domain with kinase - regulatory activity, by an atypical SH2 domain and by a FERM domain that mediates association to the membrane - proximal region of the cytokine receptors.7, 8 Soon after the discovery of JAK2 V617F, we and others described that activating JAK1 mutations are relatively common in adult patients with T - cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and participate in ALL development allowing for constitutive activation of STAT5.9 — 11 Several STAT5 - activating JAK1 mutations were also reported in AML and breast cancer patients.10
Death -
associated protein kinase (DAPK) and
signal transduction: fine - tuning of autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans homeostasis.
He investigates endoplasmic reticulum -
associated stress
signaling molecules, which play important roles in the quality control of secretory and integral membrane
proteins.
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated
protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor
protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent
protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body
protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting
protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding
protein - 1; Epac, exchange
protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular -
signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting
protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating
protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar
protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13
protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal
protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related
protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA,
protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding
protein; raptor, regulatory -
associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment
protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance -
associated gene; VAMP, vesicle -
associated membrane
protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar
protein sorting
A)
Proteins that
associated with axonal guidance and
signaling were significantly enriched (p = 6 × 10 − 20) in the CSF proteomes for all pooled samples.
Abbreviations: AMPAR, AMPA receptor; AS, Angelman syndrome; BDNF, brain - derived neurotrophic factor; CaMKII, α - calcium / calmodulin - dependent
protein kinase II; CGN, cerebellar granule neuron; co-IP, coimmunoprecipitation; DG, dentate gyrus; ERK, extracellular
signal - regulated kinase; fEPSP, field excitatory postsynaptic potential; Gab1, Grb2 -
associated binder 1; HFS, high frequency stimulation; IGF, insulin - like growth factor; LTP, long - term potentiation; PSD - 95, postsynaptic density
protein - 95; SYN, synaptophysin; WT, wild type
Myosin IIA's activity is regulated by RhoA and Rho -
associated protein kinase (ROCK)
signaling.
Free fatty acid - induced insulin resistance is
associated with activation of
protein kinase C theta and alterations in the insulin
signaling cascade.
These include insoluble extracellular plaques made of beta - amyloid peptide (Aβ); intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) resulting from the hyperphosphorylation of tau (a microtubule -
associated protein); loss of hippocampal neurons; a decrease in production of brain acetylcholine; and a marked decline in glucose usage in regions of the brain
associated with memory and learning.5,11,20 - 22 All of these changes can be logically explained as the sequelae resulting from long - term dysregulation of insulin
signaling and glucose metabolism.
Regulation of
protein synthesis
associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy by insulin -, amino acid - and exercise - induced
signalling
Importantly, costameric
proteins and
associated signaling events are increased in humans in response to eccentric training, and are decreased in response to the mechanical unloading that occurs during bed rest (Li et al. 2013).
While it is true that amino acids were long considered simply substrates for
protein synthesis, they have more recently shown to also act as modulators of intracellular
signal transduction pathways that are typically
associated with growth - promoting hormones such as insulin and IGF - 1.
Acute energy deprivation affects skeletal muscle
protein synthesis and
associated intracellular
signaling proteins in physically active adults
``... several animal studies indicate serious health risks
associated with GM food consumption including infertility, immune dysregulation, accelerated aging, dysregulation of genes
associated with cholesterol synthesis, insulin regulation, cell
signaling, and
protein formation, and changes in the liver, kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal system.»