States can choose to shut these schools down, turn them into charter schools, take them over, or use another,
significant turnaround strategy.
In contrast, the approach under waivers, dubbed
turnaround, was much more focused — applying only to the 5 percent of schools identified as «priority» schools and based on key principles outlined by the Department (see sidebar
Turnaround Principles).62 Fewer schools were part of the effort, but in turn, the effort was much more intensive and required
significant changes in school operations, culture, leadership, and practice.63 The hope was that a more disruptive and ambitious
strategy will yield dramatic results: after three years, these schools would no longer be in the bottom 5 percent, and another group of schools could be identified to undergo
turnaround.