Overall, a review of the literature revealed that mothers showed
significantly higher level of stress than fathers [11][12][20][21].
The study results revealed mothers had
significantly higher levels of stress than fathers.
The study revealed that parents with higher levels of education also had
significantly higher levels of stress.
They found that parents who were more educated reported
significantly higher levels of stress compared to other parents who were less educated.
Naskovska and Belevska from their research conclude that the parenting stress in parents of children with autism is signifycantly higher compared with the parents of children with typical development, and in all of the three domains that measure the overall level of stress, the parents of children with autism scored
significantly higher levels of stress (12).
Mothers reported
significantly higher levels of stress than fathers.
All mothers in this group had been implicated in severe maltreatment and were found to experience
significantly higher levels of stress than the control group.
Not exact matches
Participants in the Parenting Journey group started with a very
high level of stress (71st percentile), which decreased
significantly (57th percentile).
A parenting
stress study by Florida State University professor Robin Simon and Vanderbilt University's Ranae Evenson found that parents have
significantly higher levels of depression than adults who do not have children.
Among general findings, as is the case every year since the survey began, women reported
significantly higher stress levels than men (5.1 vs 4.4 on a 10 - point scale, where 1 is «little or no
stress» and 10 is «a great deal
of stress»).
However, this pattern
of adaptive
stress response development was
significantly less pronounced when children experienced relatively
high levels of peer victimization in the second grade.
The research team, led by Dr. Syed Shakeel Raza Rizvi, also looked at the effect
of smoking marijuana on
levels of the
stress hormone, cortisol, in 10 marijuana addicts; they found that marijuana smokers have
significantly higher levels of cortisol than non-smokers.
But one group that was fed a diet still fairly
high in sugar — an amount
of sugar comparable to the Western diet — had
significantly higher levels of inflammation, oxidative
stress and liver fibrosis.
In addition, fish oil reduces inflammation and oxidative
stress, which are two
of the key contributing factors to insulin resistance and many serious diseases, and
significantly lowers triglyceride
levels, whose presence in the body is associated with
high levels of insulin.
Then, because
of the low calorie consumption and
high stress, cortisol
levels will increase
significantly, fat loss will slow down and the body will start breaking down muscle tissue in order to cover the highly increased energy needs.
Almonds are among the less caloric nuts and show
high levels of protein as well as antioxidants, especially vitamin E. Because
of their unique composition, almonds are likely to
significantly reduce cardiovascular and diabetes risks, such as being overweight, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, and oxidative
stress.
While calcium intake and overall dairy consumption had no protective effects,
higher levels of vitamin D intake resulted in a
significantly lower risk
of developing a
stress fracture.
Higher levels of the
stress hormone cortisol also can influence the brain, often
significantly.
He submits that this placed him under a significant financial burden, and created a
significantly high stress level on him and his family, and left him with a feeling
of embarrassment, despite knowing that he did nothing wrong.
Since most children
of mothers with BPD display
high levels of disorganization, it is reasonable to presume that children
of mothers with BPD are
significantly stressed children who are placed at a cognitive disadvantage (Holmes, 2005).
Symptoms
of distress, depression, anxiety and
stress were
significantly higher and
levels of well - being were
significantly lower in trainees compared with consultants, and this was not accounted for by differences in sociodemographic variables.
Lack
of AML was
significantly associated with a
high stress level in all subgroups (OR = 1.68 — 2.67).
More recently, Peek et al. (2006) found that both husbands» and wives» own self - rated health was associated with partner's self - rated health even after accounting for other's demographic, health, and
stress characteristics, and Stimpson, Eschbach, and Peek (2007) found that the
level of spouse's chronic conditions, but not own conditions, was
significantly associated with
higher levels of depressive symptoms.
Results indicate that treatment nonresponse was
significantly associated with
higher baseline
levels of global functioning (i.e., less impairment) and lower
levels of stress, trauma history in children and Cluster B personality disorder symptoms in parents.
Recent substance use was
significantly associated with less closeness with parents,
high levels of academic motivation,
high levels of perceived
stress, and emotion - focused external avoidance coping.
More youth with ASD or ID had clinical
level behavior disorders than their TD peers, and their mothers reported
significantly higher personal
stress and psychological symptoms, as well as lower positive impact
of the youth on the family.
Although the average scores from both samples are showing
significantly higher stress scores, in other words, the
level of parenting
stress is in the 90th percent, which shows clinically significant
level of stress.
General indices regarding mental health
of mothers have been associated with their children's sleep, and less well - organized sleep patterns have been noted in children from poorly functioning families.113) Mothers
of children with sleep disturbances exhibited much
higher psychological
stress than did controls, obtaining increased scores on all factors
of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ).114) Children's sleep quality
significantly predicted that
of their mothers, with maternal sleep quality associated with
stress and fatigue.115) Moreover, infants
of mothers with low
levels of depression and anxiety were more likely to recover from sleep problems than those with
high levels of depression and anxiety after controlling for the influence
of attachment patterns.116) Sleep disturbances in early childhood were positively related to negative maternal perceptions
of their child, 117) potentially interfering with the development
of beneficial parent - child interactions.
Parents experienced
significantly less parenting
stress after 6 months when therapists had
higher levels of Process skills.
Daily parenting
stress significantly predicted lower
levels of positive mood (β = − 0.78, p <.0001) and
higher levels of negative mood (β = 1.52, p <.0001).