• Only eight percent of students in the cities were enrolled in schools that «beat the odds» by outperforming schools with
similar observable characteristics elsewhere in the state.
Not exact matches
Since the three groups of schools are
similar in their
observable characteristics, such as the student body's ethnic makeup, and most likely in other
characteristics as well, the only major difference between the always - D schools and the other two groups is the competition they face from vouchers.
Even if two children appear
similar in terms of all
observable characteristics, it is nearly certain that the retained child differs in some important way from the child who was promoted, and it is likely that this difference will influence each child's long - term outcomes.
In both cases the (assumed linear) physical relationship between
observables that is being estimated relates to Y (or λ), not S, and the error
characteristics are
similar — assumed gaussian, with errors in temperature data dominated by errors elsewhere.
At the start of the study, students in the PROSPER and control groups were highly
similar in their
observable characteristics (e.g., demographics, and rates of substance use).
The FAFSA treatment group and control group members in the follow - up sample were highly
similar in their
observable pre-program
characteristics (e.g., demographics, educational expectations).
At the start of the study, the TFCO group and control group were highly
similar in their
observable characteristics (e.g., demographics, past delinquent behavior, pregnancy history).