Studies of
single muscle fibers have revealed that there is a relationship between tendon stiffness and both maximum muscle force and rate of force development (RFD).
As for residual force enhancement, several experiments have found that
single muscle fibers subjected to maximal (tetanized) contractions produce lower tension after a being shortened to a standard length, compared to a comparable isometric contraction at the same standard length, without the preceding shortening phase.
As noted above, the original force velocity relationship was calculated in order to explain the relationship between muscle force production and muscle contraction velocity in
single muscle fibers.
The force velocity relationship observed when
single muscle fibers shorten is hyperbolic, or non-linear.
Although the original equations for the force - velocity relationship were not intended to describe the relationship between joint moments and angular velocity, the force velocity relationship of single joints does still appear to be hyperbolic and matches the behavior of
single muscle fibers fairly closely (Hauraix et al. 2017).
While the force exerted by isolated
single muscle fibers does not increase after strength training, the specific tension (the ratio of involuntary strength - to - size of the muscle does (Erskine et al. 2011).
The traditional, hyperbolic force velocity relationship properly describes the behavior of
single muscle fibers but also seems to hold true for single joint movements.
- Noemi Rozlosnik, 2006 Nanomechanics of
Single Muscle Fibers by AFM, International Nano - Conference (ICN+T), Basel (CH)- Mette Christensen, et al., 2009 Injection of marinade with actinidin increases tenderness of porcine M. biceps femoris and affects myofibrils and connective tissue, J. of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol.
The red arrow points to
a single muscle fiber.
«I wish there was a way to know that I had completely exhausted
every single muscle fiber that I could!»
Single fiber contraction velocity of fibers of
a single muscle fiber type increases after high - velocity training like plyometrics (Malisoux et al. 2006), but does not increase after low - velocity, conventional strength training (Widrick et al. 2002).
The length - tension relationship describes the phenomenon whereby a muscle or
single muscle fiber displays different levels of maximum isometric force production depending on the length at which it is tested (Gordon et al. 1966).
The presence of an electric potential difference in a muscle or in
a single muscle fiber can be measured between pairs of electrodes as a voltage (in mV or μV).
When using fine wire electrodes, it may be possible to identify the electric potential difference within
a single muscle fiber (Reaz et al. 2006), which is in contrast to when using surface electrodes.
Single muscle fiber contractile properties during a competitive season in male runners.
However, the single fiber contraction velocity of fibers of
a single muscle fiber type can increase after high - velocity training such as plyometrics (Malisoux et al. 2006).
Longer muscle fibers contract more quickly than shorter muscle fibers because all of the sarcomeres in
a single muscle fiber contract at the same time.
Indeed, research has confirmed in the frog that
single muscle fiber length is directly proportional to the maximum muscle fiber contraction velocity (Edman et al. 1985).
Not exact matches
While many kinds of organisms (even
single - celled ones) can swim, reach, float, squirm and even roll, only animals have developed
muscle fiber, which has allowed us to move in a wider variety of ways and heave around vastly more weight.
Even more powerful artificial
muscles have been made from yarns spun from hollow carbon
fibers called
single - walled nanotubes (SWNTs).
Fluorescence images were used to quantify the following
muscle morphological parameters: total
fiber number,
single -
fiber CSA, total nuclei, the percentage of centrally nucleated
fibers (CNFs), and the nuclei /
single -
fiber area ratio.
Muscle CSA and
single -
fiber area in both groups were measured using the NIH ImageJ area measurement program (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/).
In contrast, no differences were observed in total
fiber number,
single -
fiber area, or CNF percentage in soleus
muscles from these mice (Table 2).
The
single -
fiber area histograms for both the EDL and TA
muscles from IL - 15Rα — KO mice were shifted to the left, indicating smaller
fiber sizes.
Quantification of
single -
fiber CSA revealed a leftward shift of the
single -
fiber area histogram in both EDL and TA
muscles from IL - 15Rα — KO mice, indicating a greater number of smaller - sized
muscle fibers (Figure 6, B and F).
Single -
fiber areas were measured in all EDL (n = 13,729)
fibers and in 100 randomly selected
fibers per
muscle for TA (n = 800) and soleus (n = 1,500) and plotted as histograms.
(B) The
single -
fiber area histogram was shifted to the left, indicating a greater number of smaller - sized
muscle fibers in the EDL
muscles from IL - 15Ra — KO mice.
The ratio of nuclei per average
single -
fiber area was also larger in EDL and TA
muscles from IL - 15Rα — KO mice, an observation previously noted in slower skeletal
muscle (37, 38).
This is a higher magnification view of the axochord from G. Note how the phalloidin stained
muscle fibers do not form a
single structure, but are paired.
Using a
single set or a couple of sets won't trigger all
muscle fibers and this is not the optimal way to build
muscle size.
First off, a motor unit is «a
single alpha - motor neuron and all of the corresponding
muscle fibers it innervates.»
Find out how the Triple Add Set technique can work EVERY
muscle fiber you've got in a
single set.
Taking a selection of the literature, mean
single fiber force production reported for type I
muscle fibers ranges from 0.47 ± 0.15 mN to 1.01 ± 0.09 mN while mean
single fiber force production reported for type IIA
muscle fibers ranges from 0.42 ± 0.10 mN to 1.36 ± 0.03 mN (Trappe et al. 2000a; 2000b; 2001; 2003; 2006; Frontera et al. 2000; Widrick et al. 2002; Shoepe et al. 2003; Harber et al. 2004a; 2008).
In other words, we expect to find that the type II
muscle fibers display a much greater maximal
single force than type I
muscle fibers.
This lack of any large difference in
single fiber force between the various
muscle fibers is reflected by the lack of a relationship between long - term strength gains and
fiber type shifts.
Across multiple studies,
single fiber contraction velocity is approximately 220 % higher in type IIA
muscle fibers, compared to type I
muscle fibers.
In marathon runners tapering from endurance running training, there appears to be no change in
muscle fiber proportion, although alterations in function at the
single fiber level have been noted (Trappe et al. 2006).
Although all
fiber types have a similar
single fiber force, type II
muscle fibers display a much faster shortening velocity than type I
muscle fibers.
In contrast,
single fiber contraction velocity reported for type I
muscle fibers ranges from 0.3 to 1.7
fiber lengths per second, while
single fiber contraction velocity reported for type IIA
muscle fibers ranges from 0.7 to 3.7
fiber lengths per second.
Across all of these groups, type IIA
muscle fiber single fiber force is around 18 % higher than type I
muscle fiber single fiber force.
If we keep the argument for
single rep training scientific, your heavy work immediately increases the activation of those important «growth - prone fast - twitch
muscle fibers».
The Bodyweight Omni Set Technique is gruesome and will tear more
muscle fibers than when performing a
single exercise.
There are many
muscle fibers within a
single muscle group.
Peripheral factors include
muscle size, moment arm length, the length of the fascicles, the prevailing pennation angle of the
fibers, the
muscle fiber type, and even the
single fiber contractile properties.
Let's say you are going to be doing 20 slow controlled deep squats, where your core, your back and every
muscle in your body is engaged to it's full potential, recruiting more
muscle fibers, it is a lot harder then it may seem to perform every
single rep in that perfect form.
Much of the research into the mechanisms of
muscle strain injury has been done in
single fibers, with force being artificially stimulated, and many of these studies have reported conflicting results.
Most
muscles are not comprised of
single compartments in which all the
muscle fibers run from one end to the other.
Unlike the action potential that travels in a
single direction along the efferent nerve, the propagating MAP travels in both directions along the
muscle fiber from the motor point.
Well intentioned but poorly designed exercises, such as traditional sit - ups or a
single ab machine, can result in
muscle imbalance, resulting in some
fibers that are too tight while others stay weak.
This is probably because
single fiber force does not really differ that much between
muscle fiber types (Malisoux et al. 2006).