Several of the most commonly identified risk factors in previous research were identified in this study, including being
male, membership in a
single - parent or stepfamily, 5 high levels of parent - reported childhood activity, 23,24 maternal mental health problems, 25 and a history of
teenage parenthood.26 What is relatively novel about this report is the consideration of the joint effects of psychosocial risk factors, while controlling for multiple indicators of social class and the assessment of both accidents and illnesses in a large community sample followed prospectively since pregnancy.