Far more sophisticated studies with better controls on variables, however, consistently show either no achievement benefits, or
small achievement benefits for students in charter schools.
Not exact matches
The scientists behind these studies all seem to agree on the answer: rather than view narcissism as an evil to be always avoided, organizations should strive to understand that
small doses of the characteristic are often inseparable from high
achievement and make rational cost -
benefit analyses.
If, however, teachers must choose a
smaller number of practices on which to focus their improvement efforts (for example, because of limited time or professional development opportunities), our results suggest that math
achievement would likely
benefit most from improvements in classroom management skills before turning to instructional issues.
With one exception (immigrants
benefited less than native - born students from a performance pay regime), I found only
small differences in the impact of performance pay on the math
achievement of subgroups in the population.
Some critics of school choice have suggested that
small classes in private schools «explain» the
achievement benefits of private - school scholarships and voucher programs.
The
benefits of working together are apparent in the joint efforts of a
small midwestern college and an urban middle school to close the
achievement gap.
In a 2009 study of class sizes in California, published in the Journal of Human Resources, the authors found that the positive
achievement benefits that accrue for
smaller class sizes were diminished by allowing emergency credentialed teachers into the classroom who had not obtained regular credential coursework and student teaching experiences.
Yet given these limitations, the results were striking: even when analyzing the
achievement of third graders who had the
benefits of a
smaller class for only one year, as compared to those who were in large classes, the gains were substantial, especially for disadvantaged students in inner - city schools.
In Denver, low - resource families who received home visiting showed modest
benefits in children's language and cognitive development.102 In Elmira, only the intervention children whose mothers smoked cigarettes before the experiment experienced cognitive
benefits.103 In Memphis, children of mothers with low psychological resources104 in the intervention group had higher grades and
achievement test scores at age nine than their counterparts in the control group.105 Early Head Start also identified
small, positive effects on children's cognitive abilities, though the change was for the program as a whole and not specific to home - visited families.106 Similarly, IHDP identified large cognitive effects at twenty - four and thirty - six months, but not at twelve months, so the effects can not be attributed solely to home - visiting services.107
These
small observed differences in IQ and
achievement have been attributed to nutritional and social determinants of breastfeeding, but none of these studies have partialled out the genetic and socioenvironmental factors related to maternal IQ from the nutritional
benefits of breastfeeding.