It is well known that one can not draw valid statistical inferences from such
a small number of observations.
It is weird for me, coming from molecular modeling (and a general interest in the history of science), to see people paying so much attention to matching a very
small number of observations given the large number of parameters in the model.
Hence, a relatively
small number of observations from Australia can contribute to the construction of a meaningful hemispheric or global average.
Apart from
the small number of observations on which Salby bases his theory, the main error is in jumping from showing a correlation between temperature and short term fluctuations in CO2 to concluding that the long term trend must also be attributable to temperature.
# 57, RE small numbers, I'm no climate scientist, but I do know statisticians have methods, such as Chi - square and log - linear analysis (based on odds ratios), that are quite successful on data sets with
small numbers of observations.
Not exact matches
Others simply attributed the surprising results to sweeping statistical extrapolations being made from very
small numbers of events, or to systematic weaknesses in the MOA survey's
observations and analyses that the 2011 paper's authors had failed to account for.
Based on Kepler
observations conducted from May 2009 to September 2010, the planet findings show a dramatic increase in the
numbers of smaller - size planet candidates, where Earth - size and super-Earth-size candidates have increased in
number by more than 204 and 136 percent, respectively, since the last Kepler announcement in February 2011.
This sounds more like an
observation based on a
small number of cases rather than an established trend, and it doesn't say anything about causation.
(Almost all the African - American students came from schools with average test scores below the district mean; the few that did not had almost identical average impacts, but the
number of available
observations was too
small to recover precise estimates.)
That evidence should be trusted over
observations conducted in a
small number of non-randomly selected settings.
These findings are not statistically significant due to the
small number of independent
observations, but they are nonetheless suggestive.
While the
number of observations is too
small to yield statistically significant evidence that charters are helping the district schools, they offer no help for the claim that they are having a negative impact.
With the
observation of six other major feedbacks» ongoing acceleration mostly from currently
small outputs, along with that
of a burgeoning
number of direct interactive couplings between them, I'm unable to share your view that the fossil fuel industry poses the dominant threat to climate, but would entirely agree that it is the earliest and most controllable threat.
This manual
observation approach worked well when the
number of climate stations was
small
Even applying very strict weighting, emphasizing the
small number of models closest to the
observations, scarcely reduced the overall spread
of results.
By definition, interpolation over a large area is being driven by a relatively
small number of actual
observations around the Arctic.
In fact the almost - significant negative relationship is due to
observations from only a
small number of years during the 1961 — 2009 period.
The differences are that in the present study we include the uncertainty in the
observations as described in Sect. 2.4 and there are also
small differences due to the different
number of model runs used.
However, as the
number of observations involved is very
small, impacts on mean temperatures are minimal (for example, even a 5 °C error which affected 1 %
of observations would only alter mean temperatures by 0.05 °C) and the stations are still useful in assessment
of those.
The suggestion that it should is based on an
observation of Lord Bingham in Razgar... He was there expressing an expectation, shared with the Immigration Appeal Tribunal, that the
number of claimants not covered by the Rules and supplementary directions but entitled to succeed under Article 8 would be a very
small minority.
With regard to the sample size required for valid application
of this modeling approach, we are hesitant to speak
of sufficient sample sizes, since a large
number of observations with little score variation over time (as in our second empirical application) does not necessarily provide richer information than a
smaller sample with more fluctuations.