Sentences with phrase «small sequences of a gene»

The policy — in the form of first Office Actions on a series of applications for patents on expressed sequence tags, ESTs — could greatly complicate basic gene therapy research by substantially allowing patents for small sequences of a gene that may later be used by the patent holder to corner ownership and uses of entire genes.

Not exact matches

Biologists now know that the genome sequence holds only a small part of the answer, and that key elements of development and disease are controlled by the epigenome — a set of chemical modifications, not encoded in DNA, that orchestrate how and when genes are expressed.

In a 1995 Science paper, Venter's team sequenced the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, a sexually transmitted microbe with the smallest genome of any known free - living organism, and mapped its 470 genes.

This week in Science, researchers led by genome sequencing pioneer Craig Venter report engineering a bacterium to have the smallest genome — and the fewest genes — of any freely living organism, smaller than the flower's by a factor of 282,000.

Furthermore, the small number of published gene sequences limits the accuracy of the identification methods.

First described in the 1990s — a discovery that led to the 2006 Nobel Prize — RNAi is a process by which organisms suppress the expression of target genes through the action of small RNA segments that bind to corresponding gene sequences.

Upon sequencing the DNA, they found that DNA fragments containing mutated genes — markers of tumors — were typically smaller than healthy versions of the gene from within the same patient.

To narrow down the suspects in the US Airways crash, the Smithsonian lab's Carla Dove isolated and sequenced a small piece of a mitochondrial gene — known in the field as a DNA bar code.

Nick and his team have developed a process based on small differences of the gene sequence to specifically apply gene scissors to certain points of the DNA strands that make up the genetic material.

«Using next - generation gene sequencing on a small group of patients, we found that mutations in a sixth gene — ATF6 — can independently lead to the disease.»

And when they sequenced Sputnik's genome, they found its small ring of DNA contained genes from three different viral families, including Mamavirus.

Extensive research has already examined the function of microRNAs, a category of small evolutionarily conserved noncoding RNAs about 22 to 24 nucleotides in length that target protein - coding genes in a sequence - specific manner.

To gain access to the gene - containing portion of the barley genome at high resolution, Close and his team identified and sequenced 15,622 BACs or bacterial artificial chromosomes — small fragments of the barley DNA linked to other DNA to constitute a circular molecule that can replicate and be propagated inside an E. coli bacterial cell, enabling researchers to produce copies of each BAC for DNA sequencing one small piece of the barley genome at a time.

The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs, but only about 2 percent of these base pairs represent protein - coding genes, meaning that whole - exome sequencing measures the genetic alterations focused on a small but very important fraction of the genome (as opposed to techniques of whole genome sequencing, which measures every nucleotide across the entire genome, regardless of whether these genes are expressed or silent).

While circulating tumor DNA tests targeting a smaller set of cancer genes are already available for use in routine practice to guide care, by covering a much larger number of cancer genes, this high - intensity sequencing approach may enable development of future tests for early detection of cancer.

But because the vinclozolin - induced fertility changes occurred in almost every male rat descended from a treated mother rather than in a small percentage of offspring (as is seen in germ line mutations caused by radiation), Skinner suspects an epigenetic mechanism — a change that doesn't mutate the DNA sequence of an animal, but rather affects how genes are expressed.

But after analyzing the Hofstenia transcriptome, the team determined that the three - banded panther worm and planarians are only very distantly related, a view that had been proposed based on analyses with sequences from a small number of genes.

The branch uniting the fungi and animals is well - supported based on a number of molecular phylogenetic datasets, including the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (Wainwright et al., 1993; Bruns et al. 1993), unique and shared sequence insertions in proteins such as elongation factor 1α (Baldauf and Palmer, 1993), entire mitochondrial genomes (Lang et al., 2002), and concatenated protein - coding genes (Steenkamp et al., 2006).

Shallow shotgun metagenomics means instead of using the 16S rRNA as a marker gene, we fragment all the DNA in the sample, grind it up, sequence it in small pieces, and try to figure out what it is afterwards.

Finding the genes responsible for the increased risk is not straightforward because small sequences of DNA can interact with completely different parts of the genome through a strange phenomenon known as «DNA looping».

Then, if you want only certain types of cells to express the protein they encode, you must add a «promoter», i.e. a small DNA sequence which regulates expression, to this gene.

It is clear from the sequencing alignment that a significant portion of the gene was disrupted while a small sequence, between the two sgRNA sites, was preserved.

To assess the speed with which both humans and chimpanzees accumulated many small differences in gene sequences accurately, Wu and colleagues in Taiwan and Japan decided to sequence several thousand genes expressed in the brain of the macaque monkey and compare them with available genomic sequences from human, chimpanzee, and mice.

The sequences of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the human mTOR, AKT1, and 4E - BP1 gene products were purchased from Ambion, Inc. (Austin, TX) and were as follows: mTOR sense GGAGUCUACUCGCUUCUAUTT and antisense AUAGAAGCGAGUAGACUCCTC, AKT1 sense GGGCACUUUCGGCAAGGUGTT and antisense CACCUUGCCGAAAGUGCCCTT, and 4E - BP1 sense GGUACCAGGAUCAUCUAUGTT and antisense CAUAGAUGAUCCUGGUACCTC.

Notably, the majority of the most highly conserved non-coding sequences in mammalian genomes are clustered near a small subset of genes with important roles in development.

The software, called DECoN, accurately and quickly detects changes in copy number of blocks of DNA called exons, by analysing sequencing data already generated to identify smaller gene changes.

Bach1 is a member of the BTB and CNC transcriptional regulator family that, like Nrf2, binds to ARE sequences as heterodimeric complexes with small Maf proteins [18] A major physiological role for Bach1 is in iron homeostasis through regulation of the expression of heme oxygenase - 1 (HMOX1), ferroportin (FPN1) and Ferritin (FTH) genes [23], [24], [33], [41].

Here we utilize whole - genome sequencing of Roifman Syndrome patients to reveal compound heterozygous rare variants that disrupt highly conserved positions of the RNU4ATAC small nuclear RNA gene, a minor spliceosome component that is essential for minor intron splicing.

Small stretches of about 22 nt non-coding RNA, so - called microRNA or miRNA, are important for gene regulation through its binding to coding RNA sequences.

A novel study from researchers at Karolinska Institutet shows that by using so called random sequence labels, working as barcodes for tracing genetically altered cells, during CRISPR / Cas9 gene knock - outs it is possible to generate more comprehensive data from a smaller number of cells.

The idea is that small chemical tags, such as acetylation, on chromatin marking active or inactive genes would self - propagate independently of the underlying DNA sequence and direct the activity of the genome.

But small changes in the DNA sequences of genes occur regularly.

In their search for a culprit gene, the researchers localized the gene to a small region of the genome, and then sequenced six candidate genes, based on their roles in early brain development.

To make small interfering RNA (siRNA) against IRF - 1, 19 - bp sequence (5 ′ - CTTCCAGGTGTCACCCATG - 3 ′) within the coding region of IRF - 1 gene was selected and cloned into the pTER + vector (22).

DNA sequencing of three quadruple - mutant colonies further confirmed that small deletions were present in all eight alleles of four genes (Figure 2F).

Thanks in no small part to investments in researching cancer cells, gene sequencing, immunology and dozens of other fields, an American child born today can expect to live 30 years longer than one born in 1900.

MELGEN groups have shown that mutation screening, gene expression (using the Illumina cDNA - mediated Annealing, Selection, extension, and Ligation (DASL) Assay) platform and state of the art next generation sequencing can be applied successfully to small formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumours.

First it will be necessary to formally exclude the COMMD1 gene by sequencing all of COMMD1 in a small number of affected dogs that are known to not carry the COMMD1 deletion to ensure there is not a second mutation in the same gene.

Testing the new animal phylogeny: First use of combined large - subunit and small - subunit rRNA gene sequences to classify the protostomes.

Given that a full sequencing generally currently costs $ 10,000, and gene tests can be patented, most genetic tests are currently limited to a small assortment of interesting genes, which may or may not be actual health indicators.