Sentences with phrase «small signaling molecule»

The speed with which the wave moves suggests that it travels through gap junctions and is made up either of calcium ions or some other small signaling molecule.

Its analgesic effect stems from the compound's ability to inhibit the production of cytokines and chemokines, which are small signaling molecules that attract inflammatory macrophages to the nerve cells.

These small signaling molecules, called cytokines (SIGH - toe - kines), spur a cascade of cellular reactions that help the body fight infection.

Not exact matches

«Most of what we are all doing with liquid biopsies is dealing with very small numbers [of molecules], so using a poor sample extraction or nonoptimized kit can really get rid of a lot of the signal,» she says.

Using small - molecule inhibitors to eliminate the activity of the proteins produced by the bird - specific, median signaling zone in chicken embryos, the researchers were able to induce the ancestral molecular activity and the ancestral anatomy.

If indole allows pathogenic bacteria to withstand antibiotics, it may be possible to thwart drug resistance by blocking indole signaling with small molecules, Collins says.

This is where small molecule therapeutics could be developed to interfere with the signals and suppress tumor growth.

As target depth increases, the single - scattered signal (red) becomes negligibly small, because it is more likely that the waves will get bounced around by other biological molecules in their path (blue).

Moreover, small amounts of singlet oxygen produced during metabolic reactions can act as a local signaling factor that oxidizes and modifies target molecules, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.

By using pharmacological small molecule inhibitors as well as neutrophils from genetically modified mouse strains the team could identify essential receptor and signaling pathways involved in the nicotine - mediated activation of neutrophils.

As a postdoctoral researcher at Harvard Medical School, he investigated the use of small - molecule drugs to manipulate signaling pathways to enable otherwise senescent progenitor cells of the cochlea to divide and form new sensory cells.

«Although the two types of inhibitory neurons are very similar to each other in terms of morphology, synaptic connectivity, and the kinds of small molecules they use for signaling, they're very different in terms of the methylation pattern.

Neurons rely on synaptic interactions and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, which are small molecules transmitted across synapses to deliver signals from one cell to another that play a major role in reward - motivated behaviour.

They are responsible for adding sugar molecules to numerous different types of proteins, whether it's a cell wall, or it's a small signaling peptide, which is what's responsible for the phenotypes in tomato.»

Small organic sensor molecules were prepared that bind and signal the presence of unlabeled tripeptides in a sequence - selective manner.

«There has been a lot of work on Wnt signaling pathways, for example, so there are a lot of small - molecule drugs that could be tested to trigger a stem cell to mature into a neuron.»

The novel thyroid and parathyroid contrast agents differ significantly from most current NIR contrast agents, which are composed of two separate molecules linked together: a molecule that emits a fluorescent signal, called the fluorophore, and an antibody or small molecule that targets the tissue of interest.

Originally, however, they were not examining brown fat thermogenesis, but instead were looking for clues to the function of ERRβ, a protein about which little was known at the time, except that it was closely related to ERRα, appeared in brown fat cells, and also worked as a so - called nuclear receptor — a molecular switch for gene activation that can be turned on by small lipophilic molecules or a signaling protein partner.

«Our research revealed how small RNA molecules can work with other cell signals called transcription factors to generate specific types of neurons, in this case motor neurons.

In this study scientists used cells from the fruit fly Drosophila to screen for small molecules that suppress the signalling pathway central to the development of MPNs in humans.

Small molecules (100 - 800 Daltons) have a variety of biological functions, serving as cell signaling molecules, as tools in molecular biology, and as drugs in medicine.

Dr. Levitsky: Other sections under the Oncology Discovery and Translation Area (DTA) focus on anti-angiogenesis, small molecule inhibitors of the p53 pathway, apoptosis, signal transduction, and the tumor microenvironment.

Since the recent discovery of tremendous biological effects of nitric oxide, other small gaseous molecules such as carbon monoxide or hydrogen sulfide have emerged to be similarly important in cell signaling, with a great impact on pathophysiology of various diseases.

Likewise, many of the same small molecules used by cells to signal to each other as they rout microbes are the ones that whip up unhealthy inflammatory responses, chief among them pro-inflammatory cytokines of the TNF family, which activate T cells and prolong their response.

Scientists can screen collections of small organic molecules — the type of molecules needed for pill - based drugs — to find any that compete with the peptides by binding tightly to Gα proteins and preventing them from transmitting signals.

Using DOS and small - molecule screening, Schreiber helped illuminate many cellular pathways, including the nutrient - response signaling network involving TOR proteins in yeast and mTOR in mammalian cells.

In addition, we employ high throughput screening (HTS), cheminformatics, and medicinal chemistry of novel small molecule reagents that aid in validating novel therapeutic approaches and in understanding the biology of signaling in the central nervous system.

Proving their hunch, the researchers found ascarosides in the secretions of every nematode they examined, and a few subsequent experiments showed that the small compounds also acted as signaling molecules in the species» they investigated.

Now, researchers have discovered a class of small molecules that all nematodes use to signal such processes as growing, developing, mating and moving toward or away from an area.

The scientists report that the next step is to identify this cell - to cell signal and attempt to block it using small molecules.

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β - peptide; AD, Alzheimer's disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Ambra1, activating molecule in Beclin -1-regulated autophagy; AMPK, AMP - activated protein kinase; APP, amyloid precursor protein; AR, androgen receptor; Atg, autophagy - related; AV, autophagic vacuole; Bcl, B - cell lymphoma; BH3, Bcl - 2 homology 3; CaMKKβ, Ca2 + - dependent protein kinase kinase β; CHMP2B, charged multivesicular body protein 2B; CMA, chaperone - mediated autophagy; 2 ′ 5 ′ ddA, 2 ′, 5 ′ - dideoxyadenosine; deptor, DEP - domain containing mTOR - interacting protein; DRPLA, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy; 4E - BP1, translation initiation factor 4E - binding protein - 1; Epac, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; ERK1 / 2, extracellular - signal - regulated kinase 1/2; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport; FAD, familial AD; FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family - interacting protein of 200 kDa; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; FTD3, FTD linked to chromosome 3; GAP, GTPase - activating protein; GR, guanidine retinoid; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HD, Huntington's disease; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; hVps, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting homologue; IKK, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase; IMPase, inositol monophosphatase; IP3R, Ins (1,4,5) P3 receptor; I1R, imidazoline - 1 receptor; JNK1, c - Jun N - terminal kinase 1; LC3, light chain 3; LD, Lafora disease; L - NAME, NG - nitro - L - arginine methyl ester; LRRK2, leucine - rich repeat kinase 2; MIPS, myo - inositol -1-phosphate synthase; mLST8, mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8; MND, motor neuron disease; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; mTORC, mTOR complex; MVB, multivesicular body; NAC, N - acetylcysteine; NBR1, neighbour of BRCA1 gene 1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase - 1; PD, Parkinson's disease; PDK1, phosphoinositide - dependent kinase 1; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3 - kinase; PI3KC1a, class Ia PI3K; PI3KC3, class III PI3K; PI3KK, PI3K - related protein kinase; PINK1, PTEN - induced kinase 1; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; polyQ, polyglutamine; PS, presenilin; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted from chromosome 10; Rag, Ras - related GTP - binding protein; raptor, regulatory - associated protein of mTOR; Rheb, Ras homologue enriched in brain; rictor, rapamycin - insensitive companion of mTOR; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia; SLC, solute carrier; SMER, small - molecule enhancer of rapamycin; SMIR, small - molecule inhibitor of rapamycin; SNARE, N - ethylmaleimide - sensitive factor - attachment protein receptor; SOD1, copper / zinc superoxide dismutase 1; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TOR, target of rapamycin; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; ULK1, UNC -51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV irradiation resistance - associated gene; VAMP, vesicle - associated membrane protein; v - ATPase, vacuolar H + - ATPase; Vps, vacuolar protein sorting

Our goal is to study the molecular mechanisms by which the IL - 1R - TLRs mediate signaling, with the long - term aim of developing more effective anti-inflammatory small - molecule drugs.

Surprisingly, small molecule activators of PKA signaling increase expression of Oct4 protein, which in turn enhances expression of a specific subset of Oct4 target genes.

These small molecules exhibit fascinating chemical diversity and regulate lifespan, reproduction, behavior and many other traits, often through signaling pathways that are shared throughout the animal kingdom.

Finally, the strategy applied here for selective delivery of MK801 can be extended to other small molecules for use in brain tissue (Tian et al., 2012), allowing for an approach that combines chemistry, molecular genetics, and neurobiology to dissect cell signaling pathways in specific cell types in the central nervous system.

During digestion, they make vitamins that are vital for life, send signals to the immune system, and make small molecules that can help your brain work.

In our bodies, these small proteins typically act as signaling molecules.