Cystoscopy is challenging in male cats (due to the very
small urethra) but can be done with a very small scope or by accessing the bladder with a small surgical procedure and then the urethra is visualized through the bladder.
Male cats are generally not good candidates for the procedure due to
their small urethras.
Not exact matches
Then again, they added, some of that fluid could also be
small amounts of urine: «Ultrasounds have shown that the bladder fills during sexual intercourse and contracts in women who «squirt» fluid from the
urethra at orgasm,» they wrote.
Male cats are more prone to obstruction than female cats.1 When the
urethra becomes partially or completely blocked, urine is unable to drain from the bladder, resulting in fluid, electrolyte, and acid — base abnormalities.2 Feline urethral obstruction is a relatively common condition, accounting for up to 10 % of feline cases presented to
small animal referral and emergency clinics.3, 4
This requires that the stones be
small, as a
urethra obstruction can be life threatening.
When the stones are
small enough to pass through the
urethra, a safer technique is urohydropropulsion which can force all or most of the stones to be eliminated via the
urethra by means of a high pressure catheter
Sometimes stones are so
small that they can be passed when your guinea pig urinates but more often than not they either get stuck in the
urethra (where the urine exits the body) or cause irritation to the bladder tissue.
Bladder stones in guinea pigs can be big or
small and can stay in the bladder or get stuck in the
urethra.
Stones occur more in males than females because of the male anatomy: the
urethra in the male is
small and can easily become obstructed by a stone.
When the dog chooses to urinate, the urine passes through a
small tube called the
urethra and then exits the body.
The flexibility of the non-bony part of the
urethra plus the surgically enlarged urinary opening allows for
smaller stones to pass rather than stick in the os penis.
This option (called «laser lithotripsy») is especially useful when the number of stones present is
small and / or when a stone is lodged in the
urethra and can not be flushed into the bladder.
Dogs hold their urine in their bladder, and when they urinate that urine then passes through a
small tube called the
urethra... sound familiar?
Procedures can be performed through
smaller incisions or natural body openings such as the trachea,
urethra, or via vascular access.
In male cats, the
urethra may become blocked by
small particles so they are unable to urinate at all.
Additional testing may include testing of blood and tissue samples, diagnostic imaging such as ultrasound and radiography, biopsies of masses, internal organs or bone marrow, and endoscopy including; bronchoscopy (lungs), cystoscopy (bladder &
urethra), colonoscopy (colon &
small bowel), gastroduodenoscopy (stomach & upper intestines), rhinoscopy (nasal cavity), laparoscopy (minimally invasive surgery for biopsies of internal organs).
Both of these areas have
small diameter
urethras that do not expand to allow passage of a stone.
When FLUTD / FUS occurs,
small sharp crystals form in the pet's urine, irritating the bladder and
urethra lining.
Once inside the bladder, the scope uses a stone retrieval basket to capture
small bladder stones and carry them out the
urethra when the scope is withdrawn.
Voiding Urohydropropulsion This technique can work if the stones are
small enough to pass through the patient's
urethra.
Because cats are so
small, this is only possible in female cats; the male cat's
urethra is simply too
small for a cystoscope.
Laser lithotripsy requires the cystoscope laser to be in contact with the stone so, again, the cat must be female; the male cat's
urethra is too
small for a cystoscope.
Some of the organs in these systems are the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine (colon), liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, lungs, uterus, ovaries, prostate, vulva, prepuce, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels.
Smaller stones often pose a larger health risk because they can escape from the bladder into the
urethra and get stuck, blocking the flow of urine.
There are risks involved with this - as the stone gets
smaller, it can lodge in the
urethra causing a surgical emergency that only a board certified surgeon (usually) can perform.
Certain types of stones can be dissolved medically with the right foods but this takes a long time and there are risks (like of the stones lodging in the
urethra as they get
smaller and it will often end up being more expensive after taking multiple x-rays on multiple recheck exams to see if the stones are gone).
Finally, a
small rubber catheter will be sutured in place in the
urethra and left for 1 to 3 days to allow proper urine output.
If the stones present are
small enough to pass, the bladder can be manipulated in a way to promote expulsion of the stone through the
urethra.
This is more common in males than females due to the very
small opening of the male
urethra.
For the poor kitty that becomes repeatedly blocked, surgery to widen the
urethra (the
small tube which he urinates through) is generally recommended.
When not used for breeding,
small ducts in the prostate deposit fluids produced there into the
urethra to be expelled in urine.
Small stones may flow with the urine into the
urethra, where they become lodged and cause an obstruction.
Small stones may flow with the urine into the
urethra where they can become lodged and cause an obstruction.
If the dog is male, the stones may become
small enough to obstruct the
urethra (an emergency) which requires use of a urinary catheter to push the stone back into the bladder.
A urethral diverticulum is an abnormal anatomical defect consisting of a
small pouch in the wall of the bladder or
urethra.
That is because of the
small diameter of their
urethra and ureters and their tendency to obstruct (block up) with stone fragments.
And
small stones that block its
urethra can be fatal.
In that technique, the natural elasticity of the
urethra under forceful urine flow is used to allow
small stones present in the cat's bladder to make their way out via the
urethra — much like a water balloon jet increases the diameter of the balloon's neck when you squirt someone at a party.
A
small soft catheter is placed in the
urethra and then passed into the bladder and the urine sample is drawn out into a syringe.
In some situations, the procedure can be performed through the
urethra and, in other cases, a
small incision is made in the urinary bladder and the endoscope and laser fiber are passed through this port and into the bladder and upper portion of the
urethra.
Most urinary stones are located in the urinary bladder or
urethra and only a
small percentage are lodged in the kidneys or ureters.
(Figure 2) This procedure is intending to provide a permanent opening that allows crystals, mucus plugs, or
small stones to pass out of the
urethra; this minimizes the chance of re-obstruction.
Occasionally these crystals or stones will bass from the bladder to the
urethra, which is the
small tube through which urine passes on its way out of the cat.
Very
small ones can be missed when only a few are present or when a single stone has plugged the dog's
urethra or ureter.
When dogs are large enough to allow the passage of instruments up the
urethra and into the bladder, it is sometimes possible to nibble away or crush bladder stones into fragments
small enough to leave the pet naturally in its urine or net them up in a
small basket - like apparatus and draw them out the
urethra that way.