The luciferin and coenzyme A were packaged inside polymer nanoparticles that enter and build up in an inner layer of the leaf, while the luciferase was contained inside much
smaller silica nanoparticles, allowing them to enter the plant cells.
The researchers were able to rapidly generate uniform heat throughout frozen tissues by mixing tiny
silica - coated iron oxide
nanoparticles, each one with a diameter 150 times
smaller than a red blood cell, into the cryopreservation solution used for vitrification.