Sentences with phrase «snow surface temperatures»

The air and snow surface temperatures warm when storm clouds pass over the site, acting as a blanket that traps heat, and then they gradually cool as heat radiates to space after skies clear.

Overall, doubling the dimming of the snow did not lead to twice as high temperature changes — it led to an approximate 50 percent increase in the snow surface temperature.

Not exact matches

The Mesonet system will collect measurements such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, surface pressure, soil moisture, soil temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation amounts for rainfall and snow accumulation.

«The data showed that both greenhouse gases and sea surface temperature anomalies contributed strongly to the risk of snow drought in Oregon and Washington,» said Mote, a professor in OSU's College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences.

«Even if temperatures are above freezing and the sun is out, the snow's surface just bounces most of the heat right off.

Sea ice and snow cover loss create a feedback look that can accelerate global warming; with fewer reflective surfaces on the planet, more sunlight can thereby be absorbed, driving surface temperatures even higher, the scientists explained.

Invasive species are entering the region with or without shipping, says Ted Scambos of the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Colorado; warming of the Arctic Ocean's surface temperatures has already increased mixing with foreign waters and all the microbes they contain.

The study marks the first time that human influence on the climate has been demonstrated in the water cycle, and outside the bounds of typical physical responses such as warming deep ocean and sea surface temperatures or diminishing sea ice and snow cover extent.

Consistent with observed changes in surface temperature, there has been an almost worldwide reduction in glacier and small ice cap (not including Antarctica and Greenland) mass and extent in the 20th century; snow cover has decreased in many regions of the Northern Hemisphere; sea ice extents have decreased in the Arctic, particularly in spring and summer (Chapter 4); the oceans are warming; and sea level is rising (Chapter 5).

Clouds impact Arctic climate through rain and snow, by reflecting solar radiation and by affecting air and surface temperatures.

Six - hourly data fields for 2 m maximum temperature, minimum temperature, specific humidity, surface pressure, precipitation rate, water equivalent of actual snow depth and 10 m U and V wind components were summarized to daily data (Supplementary Table 2).

Thousands of studies conducted by researchers around the world have documented changes in surface, atmospheric, and oceanic temperatures; melting glaciers; diminishing snow cover; shrinking sea ice; rising sea levels; ocean acidification; and increasing atmospheric water vapor.

For example, the global - mean near - surface air temperature was more than 1 K lower than in the experiment assuming spherical snow grains.

He then uses what information is available to quantify (in Watts per square meter) what radiative terms drive that temperature change (for the LGM this is primarily increased surface albedo from more ice / snow cover, and also changes in greenhouse gases... the former is treated as a forcing, not a feedback; also, the orbital variations which technically drive the process are rather small in the global mean).

The infrared findings indicated that UB313 has a reflectivity, or albedo, of about 60 percent, which is similar to Pluto's and suggested that the two bodies have surfaces are made of very similar materials such as frozen methane and nitrogen snow at a temperature of -248 °C or -418 °F.

Depending on the level of service to which an organisation subscribes, it will provide regular pdf updates, sent to a phone if required, showing forecast data for RST (road surface temperature — much more relevant than air temperature when deciding when to grit), rainfall, falling snow and road state.

Forty - five minutes later, it was up to how the four - wheel - drive Mercedes - Benz GL450 with its Pirelli Scorpion Ice & Snows tackled traffic and slick road surfaces as temperatures hovered around zero degrees Fahrenheit.

Later that day, the roads were plowed and the temperature dropped, leaving a thick layer of packed snow on the driving surface.

Its products provide an external heat source to pipes, vessels and instruments for the purposes of freeze protection, temperature maintenance, environmental monitoring and surface snow and ice melting.

In addition, since the global surface temperature records are a measure that responds to albedo changes (volcanic aerosols, cloud cover, land use, snow and ice cover) solar output, and differences in partition of various forcings into the oceans / atmosphere / land / cryosphere, teasing out just the effect of CO2 + water vapor over the short term is difficult to impossible.

, (3) changes in surface albedo of snow & ice due to changes in temperature and deposition of mineral and black carbon particulates, and last, but arguably most significantly (4) the intensity of the positive feedback that comes from the inevitable -LRB-?)

Unlike the suspended snow found a little under sea surface, grey ice ideally spreads quickly on top if the temperatures are right.

Maue discussed how «two camps» of researchers claim to have increased predictability of such weather events over periods of a month or more by using clues either in the Arctic, related to the extent of sea ice and snow cover, or in the temperature of surface waters across the Pacific Ocean.

why does snow produce cold surface air temperatures?

Re 9 wili — I know of a paper suggesting, as I recall, that enhanced «backradiation» (downward radiation reaching the surface emitted by the air / clouds) contributed more to Arctic amplification specifically in the cold part of the year (just to be clear, backradiation should generally increase with any warming (aside from greenhouse feedbacks) and more so with a warming due to an increase in the greenhouse effect (including feedbacks like water vapor and, if positive, clouds, though regional changes in water vapor and clouds can go against the global trend); otherwise it was always my understanding that the albedo feedback was key (while sea ice decreases so far have been more a summer phenomenon (when it would be warmer to begin with), the heat capacity of the sea prevents much temperature response, but there is a greater build up of heat from the albedo feedback, and this is released in the cold part of the year when ice forms later or would have formed or would have been thicker; the seasonal effect of reduced winter snow cover decreasing at those latitudes which still recieve sunlight in the winter would not be so delayed).

There can / will be local and regional, latitudinal, diurnal and seasonal, and internal variability - related deviations to the pattern (in temperature and in optical properties (LW and SW) from components (water vapor, clouds, snow, etc.) that vary with weather and climate), but the global average effect is at least somewhat constrained by the global average vertical distribution of solar heating, which requires the equilibrium net convective + LW fluxes, in the global average, to be sizable and upward at all levels from the surface to TOA, thus tending to limit the extent and magnitude of inversions.)

Global average temperature is lower during glacial periods for two primary reasons: 1) there was only about 190 ppm CO2 in the atmosphere, and other major greenhouse gases (CH4 and N2O) were also lower 2) the earth surface was more reflective, due to the presence of lots of ice and snow on land, and lots more sea ice than today (that is, the albedo was higher).

At an altitude of about 125 kilometers above the surface, measurements by the Venus Express probe have shown, the temperature drops to an amazingly low -175 °C, cool enough in theory for carbon dioxide ice or snow to form.»

This is partly due to the lack of snow - covered surfaces, but we just feel it very cold, because we are not used to low temperatures in recent winters.

In this data activity, students interpret raw data on snow cover and explore the climatic impact of the «lake effect» - a significant factor determining snowfall amount in the Great Lakes drainage basin is the surface temperature of the lakes... (View More) Step - by - step instructions for use of the MY NASA DATA Live Access Server (LAS) guide students through selecting a data set, importing the data into a spreadsheet, creating graphs, and analyzing data plots.

The 2009 State of the Climate Report of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) tells us that climate change is real because of rising surface air temperatures since 1880 over land and the ocean, ocean acidification, sea level rise, glaciers melting, rising specific humidity, ocean heat content increasing, sea ice retreating, glaciers diminishing, Northern Hemisphere snow cover decreasing, and so many other lines of evidence.

So if you say «snow cover in 49 states is due to more moisture in the air from global warming» — then you have absolutely no idea WTF you are talking about.The air is not warm, and Sea Surface Temperatures are also running well below normal.

He fails to recognize that the incremental power reflected away from clouds is greater than the surface power trapped by them, or at least this is the case when the temperature is greater than 0C and the ground is snow / ice free.

The coldest surface air temperature ever measured on Earth was at the Vostok Station in 1983, a reading of T = -89.2 C (or 184K), which is reasonably close to CO2 snow deposition temperature of 133K (1 bar) or 152K (10 bars).

«The coldest surface air temperature ever measured on Earth was at the Vostok Station in 1983, a reading of T = -89.2 C (or 184K), which is reasonably close to CO2 snow deposition temperature of 133K (1 bar)...»

The meeting will mainly cover the following themes, but can include other topics related to understanding and modelling the atmosphere: ● Surface drag and momentum transport: orographic drag, convective momentum transport ● Processes relevant for polar prediction: stable boundary layers, mixed - phase clouds ● Shallow and deep convection: stochasticity, scale - awareness, organization, grey zone issues ● Clouds and circulation feedbacks: boundary - layer clouds, CFMIP, cirrus ● Microphysics and aerosol - cloud interactions: microphysical observations, parameterization, process studies on aerosol - cloud interactions ● Radiation: circulation coupling; interaction between radiation and clouds ● Land - atmosphere interactions: Role of land processes (snow, soil moisture, soil temperature, and vegetation) in sub-seasonal to seasonal (S2S) prediction ● Physics - dynamics coupling: numerical methods, scale - separation and grey - zone, thermodynamic consistency ● Next generation model development: the challenge of exascale, dynamical core developments, regional refinement, super-parametrization ● High Impact and Extreme Weather: role of convective scale models; ensembles; relevant challenges for model development

Based on surface temperature measurements, satellites, glacial retreat, sea level rise, decrease in snow - cover in spring & fall, etc. etc..

Combine the satellite trend with the surface observations and the umpteen non-temperature based records that reflect temperature change (from glaciers to phenology to lake freeze dates to snow - cover extent in spring & fall to sea level rise to stratospheric temps) and the evidence for recent gradual warming is, well, unequivocal.

Model simulations indicate that the snow - ice interface temperature or alternatively the 6 GHz brightness temperature is a closer proxy for the 50 GHz effective temperature than the snow surface or air temperature

Some processes arise through interactions with other parts of the climate system such as the ocean (for example as manifested through sea surface temperature anomalies), sea ice anomalies, snow cover anomalies as well as through coupling to the circulation in the stratosphere.

In the IPCC SPM statement cited above, they include evidence of surface temperature, atmospheric temperature, ocean heat content, snow and ice melt, and sea level rise.

Wramneby et al (2010) explored the regional interaction between climate and vegetation response using a RCM set - up, and highlighted the importance of this interaction for assessing the mean temperature response particularly at high latitudes (due to the role of vegetation in snow covered areas) and in water limited evaporation regimes (due to the role of vegetation in controlling surface evaporative cooling).

SHEBA observations of the evolution of temperature over the course of winter within the atmosphere (red), at the snow surface (black), at the top of the sea ice (green), and at the ocean surface beneath the sea ice (blue).

Peings, Y. and G. Magnusdottir, 2014: The role of sea surface temperature, Arctic sea ice and Siberian snow in forcing the atmospheric circulation in winter of 2012 - 2013.

When oceans get cold, and the surface of polar waters freezes, it snows much less and the sun takes away ice and limites the lower bound of temperature and sea level.

One explanation for the seasonal offset is that the large summertime snow / ice change alters ground temperatures, and these ground temperature changes are felt more at ground - level during winter when the surface atmospheric layer is most stable.

The fact that AWS stations are likely to show a warming bias compared to manned stations (as the distance between the sensor and the snow surface tends to decrease over time, and Antarctica shows a strong temperature gradient between the nominal 3m sensor height and the snow surface) matters.

The predictions make use of October Siberian snow cover, sea level pressure anomalies and equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies.

The ratio in which they cooperate on the final effect — relatively narrow range of survivable temperatures — is another question; it is for sure, that the most abundant IR active gas likes to create clouds, which effectively cool the surface, then it rains down and again effectively cools the surface and sometimes gets frozen to snow, which reflects sunlight and again effectively cools the surface.

These stem from a diversity of site - specific conditions, including, but not limited to: local vegetation; presence of building structures and contributions made by such structures involving energy use, heating and air conditioning, etc; exposure to winds, the wind velocities determined by climatic factors and also whether certain wind directions are more favored than others by terrain or the presence or absence thereof to bodies of water; proximity to grass, asphalt, concrete or other material surfaces; the physical conditions of the CRS itself which include: the exact location of the temperature sensors within it, the degree of unimpeded flow of external air through the CRS, the character of the paint used; the exact height of the instrument above the external surface (noting that when the ground is covered by 3 feet of snow, the temperature instrument is about 60 % closer to, or less than 2 feet, above an excellent radiating surface, much closer than it would be under snow - free conditions).