In other words, it is only through the coordinated activity of individual persons acting concordantly that
the social order of society has any real and lasting efficacy at all.
Not exact matches
The notion
of a «
social licence to operate» reflects the notion that in
order for a business to be successful, in the long run, the support and goodwill
of society is essential.
Forasmuch as each man is a part
of the human race, and human nature is something
social, and has for a great and natural good, the power also
of friendship; on this account God willed to create all men out
of one, in
order that they might be held in their
society not only by likeness
of kind, but also by bond
of kindred.
The
social order will be all the more stable, the more it takes this fact into account and does not place in opposition personal interest and the interests
of society as a whole, but rather seeks ways to bring them into fruitful harmony.»
According to the Kerner Commission's analysis, racist white America was similarly bereft
of moral resources, such that government, rather than the institutions
of civil
society that had been so central to the classic civil - rights movement, had to become the principal agent
of enforced
social change in
order to deal with the crisis
of an America «moving toward two
societies... separate and unequal.»
In reference to any given
society the world
of actual entities is to be conceived as forming a background in layers
of social order, the defining characteristic becoming wider and more general as we widen the background.
Subordinate nexus, on the other hand, are groups
of occasions whose character is derived exclusively from the role which they play in the structured
society; hence, when and if that «level
of social order» dissolves, they, too, go out
of existence.
Samuel Gregg, author
of award - winning titles such as Economic Thinking for the Theologically Minded, On
Ordered Liberty, The Commercial
Society, and The Modern Papacy (on John Paul II's and Benedict XVI's
social and political thought), highlights Röpke's more humane approach to political economy.
Thus, even though actual occasions are «the final real things
of which the world is made up» (PR 18/27),
societies as the progressive «layers
of social order» into which they are organized are clearly
of equal importance for the self - constitution
of the universe from moment to moment.
It deserves careful study as an example
of the application
of religious principles to practical
social needs, moulding a comparatively primitive
order of society to the shape
of justice and humanity.
Morals come from an evolved
social construct, or set
of rules established by
society in
order for a group
of a species to work together in harmony for the greater good
of the group and therefore the individual.
Reinhold Niebuhr criticized this Pelagian vision
of individuals and
social orders in Moral Man and Immoral
Society, replacing it with an Augustinian realism about human existence that tempered any optimism in human progress.
And this regime was, naturally, a fixed hierarchy
of social power, atop which stood the gods, a little lower kings and nobles, and at the bottom slaves; the
order of society, both divine and natural in provenance, was a fixed and yet somehow fragile «hierarchy within totality» that had to be preserved against the forces that surrounded it, while yet drawing on those forces for its spiritual sustenance.
That is easily observed for example in the period
of transition from a feudal authoritative state and a
society with a closed mental outlook, to a democratic, pluralist
social order.
We see socialism as a new
social and economic
order in which workers and consumers control production and community residents control their neighborhoods, homes and school and the production
of society is used for the benefit
of all humanity, not the private profit
of a few..
Again and again such thoughtful writers as Alasdair MacIntyre and Robert Bellah tell us that moral rectitude, fundamental truthfulness, and all
of the other virtues and skills that make us human depend upon
society: upon our having a lifelong place within a
social order and contemplating the historical «narrative» that defines the
social order.
Then the
social - ethical task
of the church would not be simply to develop strategies within the current political options — though it may certainly include that — but rather to stand as an alternative
society that manifests in its own
social and political life the way in which a people form themselves when truth and charity rather than survival are their first
order of business.
This is clear in Whitehead's description
of the natural
social order: «In reference to any given
society, the world
of actual entities is to he conceived as forming a background in layers
of social order, the defining characteristics become wider and more general as we widen the background» (PR 98 / 150).
He has a communitarian view
of society, but at the same time champions individual ownership
of small farms as the foundation
of good
social order.
Nevertheless, Whitehead's own writings on the history
of society show that «peace» is unstable apart from justice and that the union
of zest with peace accounts for the adventurous aim toward transcending the relative justice and injustice
of any given
social order.
Therefore, this
society, the extensive continuum, lays down, through the massive
social inheritance
of its myriad generations, the first, most general limitation upon general potentiality: the limitation that each generation
of actual occasions, no matter what its more special characteristics
of order, shall at least exhibit the general properties
It is a vast
society, the widest
of all
societies, which lays down the obligation on everything which is that it conform to its very general sort
of social order; it socializes into its extensive mold all the individuals which arise within it, just as we in our culture «Americanize» all the children born into it.
Modernity's emphasis on secularism involves three elements - a) the desacralisation
of nature which produced a nature devoid
of spirits preparing the way for its scientific analysis and technological control and use; b) desacralisation
of society and state by liberating them from the control
of established authority and laws
of religion which often gave spiritual sanction to
social inequality and stifled freedom
of reason and conscience
of persons; it was necessary to affirm freedom and equality as fundamental rights
of all persons and to enable common action in politics and
society by adherents
of all religions and none in a religiously pluralistic
society; and c) an abandonment
of an eternally fixed sacred
order of human
society enabling
ordering of secular
social affairs on the basis
of rational discussion.
In our history, in our
society, in our churches, the heterosexual box is that into which girls are pressed into ladies who should marry and who must be held within the
social order as subordinate to husbands, fathers, or father - surrogates — regardless
of the unique and individual capacities, needs, and desires
of either women or men.
In a closed
society, typified by communist and fascist countries and by states in which the agencies
of government are in the hands
of absolutist ecclesiastical authorities, the preservation
of the
social order requires that the schools be under political control, in
order that the official dogmas may be taught and the will
of the controlling parties may be implanted in the minds
of the young.
We don't live in a secular
society; we live in a pagan
society that is resistant to the gospel, a gospel which calls the church to perpetual criticism
of the
social and political
order.
In
order to progress towards the ideal proposed by the religions the renunciation
of selfishness by individuals at personal level should lead to a
social concern for a positive loving caring for all, especially the many in dire need in our globalized
society.
He called upon the Church to «repent
of the sins
of existing
society, cast off the spell
of lies protecting our
social wrongs, have faith in a higher
social order, and realize in ourselves a new type
of Christian manhood which seems to overcome the evil in the present world, not by withdrawing from the world, but by revolutionizing it.»
Indeed, our whole
society instead
of ordering economic matters for the sake
of overall human and
social well being has subordinated itself to the market as the instrument
of producing wealth.
Allan argues that if God aims at the salvation
of men, and men and
societies are inextricably united, then there is no salvation apart from salvation
of the
social order, or indeed from the salvation
of the world.
In moving from this well -
ordered but repressive
society to forms
of social life which enable these dimensions
of the human spirit to emerge in more concrete relationships, we must be prepared to live within conditions which are more complex, confused, and unsettling.
Social policy implied a sustained commitment
of the self to «the
ordering and reordering
of resources and personnel
of whole institutions, organizations, and movements in the context
of the needs
of nations, peoples, and
societies.»
He seems to agree with Bracken that the creativity
of individual occasions is primary and is constitutive both
of enduring human persons and
of societies, but unlike Lakeland his objections to the existing
social order of things are melioristic and reformist rather than fundamental and hence revolutionist.
In The Great Disruption: Human Nature and the Reconstitution
of Social Order, Francis Fukuyama says our
society went seriously out
of whack in the 1960s, chiefly because
of the change in sexual roles and in employment patterns forced by the rise
of the information revolution.
In a secular
society in which there is no vertical relationship to some ultimately clarifying, and thus comforting, transcendent standard, one's «position» on the horizontal plane
of the
social order is also one's meaning, one's very self.
Reason, in other words, was not employed to transform the structures
of society in the direction
of a more humane and just
social order, but was instead coopted to justify various power interests profiting by the status quo.
What Whitehead offers to effect this particular translation
of cosmology and sociology is the reintroduction
of a theory
of «
social custom» to serve as the founding principle
of order in human
society.
And even though for Whitehead human
social interrelationships are primarily instinctive (owing to the «sympathetic» nature
of human experience), nonetheless it requires the repetitive occurrence
of inherited
social activity to establish a
social order stable enough to secure the continued
social interaction
of individuals, and therein the endurance
of society as a whole.
But «a moral discussion is inconclusive and even trivial, if it leaves out the question
of its application,» as Gregory Vlastos has said.13 In
order to be as specific as possible about this approach to Christian
social philosophy I shall outline in arbitrary fashion five general principles which I suggest can be supported by the evidence
of human experience as being necessary guides to the conditions under which the Good
Society can grow.
Whitehead's concept
of Society thus explicitly calls attention to the essential orderliness
of social relations; that is, groups
of existing things are related socially because those things share a particular
order among themselves.
Accordingly, the «
order»
of a civilized
society is «genetically propagated» in terms of commonly accepted and habitually enacted social practices which are passed on from generation to generation, and thus in the most general terms a civilized society is metaphysically constituted as a «social nexus» in a fashion equivalent to that of a Society
society is «genetically propagated» in terms
of commonly accepted and habitually enacted
social practices which are passed on from generation to generation, and thus in the most general terms a civilized
society is metaphysically constituted as a «social nexus» in a fashion equivalent to that of a Society
society is metaphysically constituted as a «
social nexus» in a fashion equivalent to that
of a
Society Society per se.
And inasmuch as the individual members
of society to whatever degree mutually and steadfastly enact these customs, there is an efficacious transmission, i.e., propagation,
of social order throughout civilized
society over time.
Then Whitehead defines an enduring object as «a
society whose
social order has taken on the special form
of «personal
order».»
A
Society is, in Whitehead's scheme, a type
of nexus wherein the relations between its constituents exhibit an
ordered relatedness to one another, i.e., some common pattern
of relations is manifest wherein the nexus takes on the additional feature
of social unity which thus constitutes it as a
social nexus, or in Whitehead's terms, a
Society per se.
It is, he reasons, by way
of the day - to - day repetition
of commonly accepted and uniformly executed
social practices that there arises a certain consistency, and thus persistence,
of social order in
society.
We can appreciate the Christian absolutist who seeks to stand wholly against involvement in the evil
of society; yet as he does so he must realize that those who are working for relative gains within the
social order are doing a necessary work in the service
of God.
A civilized
society is, in the universal hierarchy
of social order, simply a particular form
of social creativity made uniquely distinctive by human effort.
While the quality
of endurance does pertain to the
society as a whole and not to its constituents per se, nonetheless the reality
of that endurance is vested in the many who are solely responsible for bringing about the continuity
of social order which ensures the endurance
of civilized
society.
So crucial is the factor
of routine to the endurance
of social order within a civilized
society that Whitehead quite earnestly asserts that, «Routine is the god
of every
social system....
It follows too that because
of the enduring continuity
of its now definitive
social order, the
society as a whole transcends individual constituent activity and survives in its own right despite the constant changes in its membership.