Sentences with phrase «spatial coverage of»

The analysis is limited to the period since 1880 because of poor spatial coverage of stations and decreasing data quality prior to that time.

Key challenges, therefore, will be to increasingly: 1) interrogate extreme events in climate simulations; 2) use earth system models to disentangle the complex and multiple controls on proxies; 3) adopt multi-proxy approaches to constrain complex phenomena; and 4) increase the spatial coverage of such records, especially in arid regions, which are currently under - represented.

This however only addresses the error due to incomplete spatial coverage of measurements.

These use instruments to measure radiance from Earth to determine temperature, and they tend to have quite good spatial coverage of the planet (excluding some high - latitude regions).

The spatial coverage of reservoir GHG emission measurements is also often limited; many studies measure emissions at fewer than 5 sites and very few studies have more than 10 sites.

The instrumental record before then is hideously insufficient in spatial coverage of the planet to establish a global average temperature.

Although such approaches provide important spatial coverage of long - term trends, their accuracy will be difficult to assess unless seasonal and interannual time scales of pH variability can be adequately resolved.»

Not exact matches

«The unique advantage of satellite data is spatial coverage,» said Bryan Duncan, an atmospheric scientist at Goddard.

However, the Hadley Centre SST data set60, 61 (HadSST3, v3.1.1.0) is not global in coverage: rather than interpolating over all space and time coordinates it consists of spatial means within 5 ° × 5 ° bins, leading to missing values in the absence of data.

Statisticians can advise on how best to combine data from different sources, how to identify and adjust for biases in different measurement systems, and how to deal with changes in the spatial and temporal coverage of measurements.

Current spatial coverage, temporal resolution and age control of available Holocene proxy data limit the ability to determine if there were multi-decadal periods of global warmth comparable to the last half of 20th century.

The All - Sky Survey will cover more than 90 percent of the whole sky with higher spatial resolution and wider wavelength coverage than that of the previous IRAS all - sky survey.

In this case, there has been an identification of a host of small issues (and, in truth, there are always small issues in any complex field) that have involved the fidelity of the observations (the spatial coverage, the corrections for known biases), the fidelity of the models (issues with the forcings, examinations of the variability in ocean vertical transports etc.), and the coherence of the model - data comparisons.

Moreover, few of the sondes are in the inner tropics, spatial coverage is spotty, and there are questions of instrumental and diurnal sampling errors that may have complicated detection of the trend in the past decade.

First impressions are that this has a number of artifacts in it likely due to inhomogeneities in the satellites (varying levels of spatial coverage through time as satellites drop in or out).

Both of these factors likely highly changed the spatial profile of the aerosol coverage.

The fossil record lacks the spatial coverage to determine the full geographic extent of those zones.

The bigger problem is spatial coverage, but the addition of integrated constraints from the altimeter data goes some way to correcting for that.

This product is consistent with broad current knowledge about the surface sources and sinks of CO2, CH4 and N2O, but, to our knowledge, it is unique in its combination of temporal coverage, spatial resolution and inclusion of recent measurements.

The processing of these observations is straightforward, but large gaps in spatial coverage compromise the reliability of global averages, and changes in instrumentation can give rise to spurious trends.

Last year, an analysis conducted by the UK Met Office demonstrated that the disagreement amongst groups arose primarily from the differences in spatial coverage, especially the inclusion or exclusion of polar regions.

The time series land based thermometer records are hopeless (not simply because of question adjustments and homogenisation, and instrument error bounds) but also because that throughout the time series the stations used with which the data is being compiled, at any one moment of time, is continually changing, so too their spatial coverage, such that at no time is like with like ever comparable.

This PCR - infilling must be done for a number of; periods, with different EOFs for each period (due to different spatial; coverage).

But I suppose we can leave that to a study of the proper way of calculating a error due to spatial coverage, that error will be a function (at least in the math I've seen) involving the spatial correlation which varies considerably.

Two thermometers along the Atlantic coast of North America, three thermometers in central Europe, one in England, and one by the Great Lakes is not sufficient spatial coverage to make claims about the temperature of the Middle East, India, China, Japan, Mexico, etc..

So basically they argued that the late record was biased because of different spatial coverage and different altitudes.

A recent study quantified the effects of spatial and temporal sampling resolution on diffusive and ebullitive CH4 emission estimates from 3 shallow boreal lakes and found that low sampling coverage is more likely to lead to underestimates of flux than overestimates (72 % chance of flux underestimation when bubble trap sampling is limited to 1 — 3 days; Wik et al. 2016).

Aquatic GHG fluxes are measured using a variety of techniques (e.g., floating chambers, thin boundary methods, eddy covariance towers, acoustic methods, and funnels; supplemental figure S1) that provide varying degrees of spatial and temporal coverage and accuracy (St. Louis et al. 2000).

Meanwhile, the few studies that involve a higher spatial resolution generally do so by sacrificing the temporal coverage of the data, providing them with a «case study» point of view of a particular weather event, rather than robust statistics required for an understanding of climate.

In general, spatial and temporal coincidences offered by the Dobson and Brewer networks are sufficient to cover a wide geographical extent for the validation of a satellite sensor, however, with better coverage over land with respect to sea and over the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere.

The flux estimates presented in previous sections use available estimates from every reservoir where GHG emissions have been reported (and mean estimates from reservoirs where multiple studies or years of data have been collected), but it is important to note that the spatial and temporal coverage of these emission estimates are highly variable.

To make use of that potential we would need good estimates of sea ice thickness, such as might be obtained from ICESat or CryoSat (i.e., complete spatial coverage).

Precipitation and soil moisture are both presented using two different data records that are complementary in terms of spatial coverage and spatial resolution.

«Bias might be introduced in cases where the spatial coverage is not uniform (e.g., of the 24 original chronologies with data back to 1500, half are concentrated in eastern Siberia) but this can be reduced by prior averaging of the chronologies into regional series (as was done in the previous section)... Eight different methods have been used... They produce very similar results for the post-1700 period... They exhibit fairly dramatic differences, however, in the magnitude of multidecadal variability prior to 1700... highlighting the sensitivity of the reconstruction to the methodology used, once the number of regions with data, and the reliability of each regional reconstruction, begin to decrease.

«The addition of buoy data in recent decades has been particularly important as the spatial coverage from ship observations has decreased since the 1990's (cf. Fig. 1 (a) in (13)-RRB-.

The difference in the latter aspect is most likely due to improvement in the spatial — temporal coverage of the data used in this study, as well as the details of data processing procedures.

Although representing a much more restricted spatial coverage than the other series, the last of these (also processed to maintain low - frequency climate information) is included here because of its extended length and because it suggests relatively cooler summer temperatures (at least across northern Eurasia) before A.D. 1000.

Furthermore, you would also have noticed that by 1500, the spatial coverage included four of the five spatial regions defined with the first appearance of data from the fifth region coming only after 1600.

Compared to most datasets of this type (e.g., Jones 1994), this initial release of GHCN was larger and had more detailed spatial coverage.»

Beginning in 1979 we have the satellite record which is really the only sensor system I feel is adequate in accuracy, precision, and especially spatial coverage to measure global average trend to a precision of hundredths of degrees per decade.

Although water storage and soil moisture are difficult to observe with sufficient spatial coverage, observational reconstructions of land hydrological variables and fire cycles (Maurer et al. 2002; van den Dool et al. 2003; Fan and van den Dool 2004; Littell et al. 2009; Wada et al. 2010) may still provide useful information to determine potential longer - term predictabilities.

Another avenue for monitoring is satellite measurements of column inventories of the gases, which provide much more detailed spatial coverage but no vertical resolution, in which air masses at different altitudes may carry gases that originated from different parts of the Earth's surface.

It should be noted that their estimate of uncertainty relates mostly to the spatial sampling, or sparse data coverage.

If a larger number of stations are chosen to provide spatial coverage, confidence limits would be wider owing to poor data quality.

* In February, 2006 NCDC transitioned to the use of an improved Global Land and Ocean data set (Smith and Reynolds analysis (2005)-RRB- which incorporates new algorithms that better account for factors such as changes in spatial coverage and evolving observing methods.

The challenges are finding a good enough measure of urbanity, dealing with uncertainty in station locations (a problem in many areas outside the U.S., where lat / lon coordinates aren't always accurate), and ensuring that your method doesn't suffer from spatial coverage biases between urban and rural sets (I tend to prefer station pair comparison methods for that reason).

But use enough weather stations, and your answer is not only better because you have better spatial coverage, but because errors — even pretty large errors — in one of the weather stations probably won't affect your result.

The current GOES - N - class sounder temperature and moisture profiles provide relatively coarse temporal and spatial coverage, which is informative for indicating the synoptic - scale severe weather threat to areas, but insufficient for «nowcasting» cell development on the mesoscale or adequately resolving boundary - layer structures critical for nowcasts of severe thunderstorms.

Finally, better spatial / temporal coverage is a main prerequisite for improving current knowledge of global rainfall over the complete diurnal cycle.

Because of their large spatial coverage, satellite data have proven useful in evaluating dust sources, transport and deposition in global models.