Sentences with phrase «spatial scale»

Uncertainties due to the spatial scale of the scenarios and stemming from the application of different RCMs versus different GCMs (including models not used for regionalisation) were elaborated on in a range of impact studies (e.g., Ekstrom et al., 2007; Fronzek and Carter, 2007; Hingray et al., 2007; Graham et al., 2007; Olesen et al., 2007).

The records document that the Laschamp Excursion was characterized locally by (1) declination changes of ± 120 °, (2) inclination changes of more than 140 °, (3) ~ 1200 - year oscillations in both inclination and declination, (4) near 90 ° out - of - phase relationships between inclinations and declinations that produced two clockwise loops in directions and virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) followed by a counterclockwise loop, (5) excursional VGPs during both intervals of clockwise looping, (6) magnetic field intensities less than 10 % of normal that persisted for almost 2000 years, (7) marked similarity in excursional directions over ~ 5000 km spatial scale length, and (8) secular variation rates comparable to historic field behavior but persisting in sign for hundreds of years.

The Telegraph did at least contrast the sea level fall at the tide gauge with remote sensing data showing general sea level rise, although it neglected to mention that the remote sensing studies relate to a broader spatial scale than the tide gauges.

Healthy forest stands and landscapes, and mixed species and / or mixed size forests, stand a much better chance of at least slowing an outbreak down, especially at as the spatial scale increases.

The role of spatial scale and background climate in the latitudinal temperature response to deforestation

We conclude that the weekend effect is a real short time scale and large spatial scale geophysical phenomenon, which is necessarily human in origin.

Length scales are typically hundreds of kilometres, corresponding to the spatial scale of weather systems, known as the synoptic scale in meteorology.

It has very coarse grid spacing and no one would use it to diagnose phenomena less than 200 km in spatial scale.

Abermann and colleagues are now assessing the spatial scale of this event using high - resolution satellite images, and have since identified several hundred other similar slush flow from the same event.

No climate model can predict climate changes at a local level where the effects are felt - predictions are only made for averages collated at a continental spatial scale and over periods of decades.

And clouds being much smaller than the spatial scale, they must be averaged to at least one grid size (which are still a couple of orders of magnitude larger), hence my «tunable average cloudiness parameter» statement.

Global average radiative forcing (RF) estimates and ranges in 2005 for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other important agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU).

While most existing loss alert products use 250 - meter resolution MODIS imagery, these alerts have a 30 - meter resolution and thus can detect loss at a much finer spatial scale.

Anyone have a paper showing a test of the prediction from theory that, ``... there is a spatial scale (roughly a Rossby radius) over which temperatures are going to be highly correlated for fundamental reasons of atmospheric dynamics.

This is because there is a spatial scale (roughly a Rossby radius) over which temperatures are going to be highly correlated for fundamental reasons of atmospheric dynamics.

The problem that has to be addressed here is the problem of spatial scale.

• The Ocean — International cooperation and marine spatial planning are starting to facilitate adaptation to global warming, although with limitations due to spatial scale and international governance issues.

So if you want to understand the average behavior of that system you need to sample at a much larger spatial scale over larger time intervals than was previously appreciated.

The RCPs provide a unique set of data, particularly with respect to comprehensiveness and detail, as well as spatial scale of information for climate model projections.

Analyses of tide gauge and altimetry data by Vinogradov and Ponte (2011), which indicated the presence of considerably small spatial scale variability in annual mean sea level over many coastal regions, are an important factor for understanding the uncertainties in regional sea - level simulations and projections at sub-decadal time scales in coarse - resolution climate models that are also discussed in Chapter 13.

The NEX - GDDP dataset is provided to assist the science community in conducting studies of climate change impacts at local to regional scales, and to enhance public understanding of possible future global climate patterns at the spatial scale of individual towns, cities, and watersheds.»

Actions occur at a very small spatial scale, where variability is huge and unpredictable.

The analysis of the results shows that, in all those cases, the distance between the adjacent boundaries of the waveguides is lower than the characteristic spatial scale of the relevant Airy functions.

Accounting for the characteristic spatial scale ΔA of the relevant Airy function (see Basic Necessary Conditions and Assumptions) at the waveguide's boundaries, the averaging of [S18] over Δ yields the following estimate for A˜m, max, at typical values of l0 ≈ (0.3 − 0.5) × 10 − 6 m − 2, ΔQRA / Δ ≈ 0.3 − 0.5, and ΔA / Δ ≈ 0.2 − 0.25: A˜m, max ≈ K2 -LSB-(K2 + l02 + l04) / (m / a) 2] Kl0u ¯ 0ΔQRA2 Δ.

Where that point rests on the temporal and spatial scale has long been a subject of debate.

The equations for Rossby waves (Calculation of the Meridional Wave Number, Physics of the Parameter, and Calculation of the Amplitudes) show that this can occur if a set of necessary conditions are met: u ¯ > 0 in the midlatitude region; the highest value of l within the waveguide is in the range of the meridional wave numbers lm dominantly contributing to the external forcing with a given m, which provides closeness of the k waves to respective m waves not only in terms of the zonal but also the meridional wave numbers, favoring the QRA of the m waves; the total latitudinal width of the waveguide is no less than the characteristic spatial scale of the relevant Airy function (25), which is used as the boundary condition at its southern and northern boundaries; and latitudinal distribution of l is sufficiently smooth in the waveguide, and both TPs lie within a midlatitude region of ∼ 25 ° N — 30 ° N and ∼ 65 ° N − 70 ° N, as the necessary condition for the application of quasilinear Wentzel − Kramers − Brillouin (WKB) method (25) when solving the equations for Rossby waves.

For the climate change adaptation community, whose spatial scale of interest is often much lower than current high resolution GCMs can capture, the answer in general is no.

I assume you mean here «whose spatial scale of interest is often much SMALLER than current high resolution GCMs can capture».

• The performance of the models (both the TAR and AR4 ones) at a large spatial scale, i.e. the contiguous USA, is even worse.

In many occasions the degree to which anomalies in the land surface affect the overlying atmosphere depends on the resolved spatial scale.

While regional climate downscaling yields higher spatial resolution, the downscaling is strongly dependent on the lateral boundary conditions and the methods used to constrain the regional climate model variables to the coarser spatial scale information from the parent global models.

This means that they should be on a spatial scale covering rather large number of cells.

What we have here is the latter, albeit on a small spatial scale, effectively replacing those principles in an ad hoc fashion.

These results contradict the notion that oceanic variability is mostly baroclinic at interannual periods, regardless of location or spatial scale.

As a prototyping exercise for the moderate ‐ resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedo / BRDF product, we demonstrate the retrieval of bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) and red spectral albedo measures for the New England region, United States, from merged AVHRR and GOES radiances at a 1 km2 (nominal) spatial scale.

The climate change impacts community has long bemoaned the inadequate spatial scale of climate scenarios produced from coarse resolution GCM output (Gates, 1985; Lamb, 1987; Robinson and Finkelstein, 1989; Smith and Tirpak, 1989; Cohen, 1990).

But isn't the UHI effect something other than this «microscale variability» that would be evident at a regional, spatial scale as a «hot spot» for instance (thus the urban heat island).

But when optical thickness gets to a significant value (such that the overall spatial temperature variation occurs on a spatial scale comparable to a unit of optical thickness), each successive increment tends to have a smaller effect — when optical thickness is very large relative to the spatial scale of temperature variation, the flux at some location approaches the blackbody value for the temperature at that location, because the distances photons can travel from where they are emitted becomes so small that everything «within view» becomes nearly isothermal.

For the data contained in Figure 2 can be compared against all other determinations of Antarctica's temperature history, over any subperiod of interest, and represents a spatial scale that you are comfortable with.

I understand the issue — that when considered as a whole, the data on the Nature cover may better capture the trends over time than any other method of determining the average trend over the continent — but that said, it is not accurate on the fine spatial scale that it is presented.

As for additional topics, perhaps a brief explanation on why confidence in attribution (and prediction) of temperature change is strongest at large scales and weakest at small scales, ie something about the issue of signal to noise relative to spatial scale.

Opportunity for selection in southern elephant seals: the effect of spatial scale of analysis.

The spatial scale of the disk in polarized light is around 300AU.

Variability with MJO characteristics (e.g., convection and wind anomalies of the correct spatial scale that propagate coherently eastward with realistic phase speeds) is simulated in many contemporary models (e.g., Sperber et al., 2005; Zhang, 2005), but this variability is typically not simulated to occur often enough or with sufficient strength so that the MJO stands out realistically above the broadband background variability (Lin et al., 2006).

We are interested in understanding the mechanisms and drivers of ant invasions at a broad spatial scale.

Journal: L. McClenachan et al. «Ghost reefs: Nautical charts document large spatial scale of coral reef loss over 240 years.»

Voxel - based morphometry and automated lobar volumetry: The trade - off between spatial scale and statistical correction

The results of the research are published in the latest issue of the journal Current Biology in an article entitled «Larval dispersal from a grouper spawning aggregation and the spatial scale of fisheries replenishment» by Glenn R. Almany, Richard J. Hamilton, Michael Bode, Manuai Matawai, Tapas Potuku, Pablo Saenz - Agudelo, Serge Planes, Michael L. Berumen, Kevin L. Rhodes, Simon R.Thorrold, Garry R. Russ and Geoffrey P. Jones.

The records document that the Laschamp Excursion was characterized locally by (1) declination changes of ± 120 °, (2) inclination changes of more than 140 °, (3) ~ 1200 - year oscillations in both inclination and declination, (4) near 90 ° out - of - phase relationships between inclinations and declinations that produced two clockwise loops in directions and virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) followed by a counterclockwise loop, (5) excursional VGPs during both intervals of clockwise looping, (6) magnetic field intensities less than 10 % of normal that persisted for almost 2000 years, (7) marked similarity in excursional directions over ~ 5000 km spatial scale length, and (8) secular variation rates comparable to historic field behavior but persisting in sign for hundreds of years.

«We're finding out that this brain region — the subiculum — varies in every spatial scale on which the nervous system operates — from molecules to cells to circuits.