Sentences with phrase «spatial scale where»

This makes them very effective shuttles for PAHs on small spatial scale where there is no fluid flow.

Not exact matches

[25] Lemaitre's famous differential equation for cosmic expansion is: R [2] = C / R + 1 / 3AR [2]- k where R is the scale factor for cosmic expansion which is proportional to the radius of the universe when that radius has meaning; C > 0 and proportional to the average present - day density of non-relativistic matter in the universe; cosmological constant, - C [0] < A < C [0], which serves to create a cosmic repulsion that keeps galaxies from being drawn together by gravity when it is positive and adds to the attractive force of gravity when it is negative; and spatial curvature, k = -1,0, +1.

It begins with resources that set the context at the national scale and then starts to delve deeper at local scale factors where the spatial distribution of elderly impacts both rural and urban areas.

But when optical thickness gets to a significant value (such that the overall spatial temperature variation occurs on a spatial scale comparable to a unit of optical thickness), each successive increment tends to have a smaller effect — when optical thickness is very large relative to the spatial scale of temperature variation, the flux at some location approaches the blackbody value for the temperature at that location, because the distances photons can travel from where they are emitted becomes so small that everything «within view» becomes nearly isothermal.

The attribution calculation in the IPCC AR5 is based on fingerprint studies, where the spatial patterns of the temperature response of the climate models to various agents are scaled to best reconstruct the temperature record from observational constraints.

Where that point rests on the temporal and spatial scale has long been a subject of debate.

Actions occur at a very small spatial scale, where variability is huge and unpredictable.

No climate model can predict climate changes at a local level where the effects are felt - predictions are only made for averages collated at a continental spatial scale and over periods of decades.

These range from simple averaging of regional data and scaling of the resulting series so that its mean and standard deviation match those of the observed record over some period of overlap (Jones et al., 1998; Crowley and Lowery, 2000), to complex climate field reconstruction, where large - scale modes of spatial climate variability are linked to patterns of variability in the proxy network via a multivariate transfer function that explicitly provides estimates of the spatio - temporal changes in past temperatures, and from which large - scale average temperature changes are derived by averaging the climate estimates across the required region (Mann et al., 1998; Rutherford et al., 2003, 2005).