Next, the referring court enquired about the application of Article 5 (3)'s
special jurisdictional rule in the event of infringement of competition law, where that infringement concerns a complex horizontal agreement, spread over a long period of time, and with varying impact in various markets.
The Court also makes reference to Recital 16 of the Regulation which underlines that the
special rules of jurisdiction based on a close connection between the court and the dispute are meant to safeguard legal certainty as to the place of jurisdiction and to avoid that the respondent is exposed to a
jurisdictional venue that he or she could not have reasonably foreseen.