Aitel suggested that, rather than outsource
tasks or projects to
particular individuals without security clearance, the government could allow private companies
specializing in penetration testing — the practice of testing a computer system, network or application to find vulnerabilities that a hacker could exploit — to apply for security clearance and compete for a contract.
His two examples both demonstrated how an innovative player
in a
particular industry creates a disruption by improving the performance of a
specialized task and removing that
task from a larger industry player.