But other elements could potentially also contribute to a collapse: an accelerating extinction of animal and plant populations and
species, which could lead to a loss of ecosystem services essential for human survival; land degradation and land - use change; a pole - to - pole spread of toxic compounds; ocean acidification and eutrophication (dead
zones); worsening of some aspects of the epidemiological environment (factors that make human populations susceptible to infectious diseases); depletion of increasingly scarce resources [6,7], including especially groundwater, which is being overexploited
in many key agricultural areas [8]; and resource
wars [9].