UH researchers have identified a unique epigenetic footprint in
specific types of immune cells from blood that can identify individuals with HIV that have a range of impairments in cognitive function.
Lymph nodes have microscopic compartments called «follicles,» where they store
a specific type of immune cells, the B - cells.
Johannes Scheid, a student in Nussenzweig's lab, isolated it several years ago from an HIV - infected patient whose immune system had an exceptional ability to neutralize HIV in the blood by preventing the virus from infecting and destroying
a specific type of immune cells, called CD4 cells, in patients.
Not exact matches
So research teams began souping up various
types of immune cells and even targeting them to
specific protein markers on tumors.
The treatment is a
type of so - called CAR T -
cell therapy — taking a patient's own
immune cells, called T
cells, genetically manipulating them to attack
specific proteins on cancer, and infusing them back into the patient.
The most common
type of skin lymphoma is caused by the fact that
specific immune cells — CD4 - T - lymphocyttes — turn into cancer
cells.
Researchers at Penn State have combined the two approaches by taking biodegradable polymer nanoparticles encapsulated with cancer - fighting drugs and incorporating them into
immune cells to create a smart, targeted system to attack cancers
of specific types.
To better understand how this abnormal distribution
of B
cell types in people with uncontrolled HIV affected their
immune response to the virus, researchers compared HIV -
specific antibodies derived from both TLM and RM B
cells.
«Unlike previous studies we isolated different
immune cell types from the actual site
of disease to determine whether
specific subsets
of immune cells (
specific T
cell groups) have equal sensitivity to vitamin D.»
To better determine the role
of specific chemoattractants in
type III hypersensitivity, lead author Yoshishige Miyabe, MD, PhD, a research fellow in Luster's lab, used multiphoton intravital microscopy — an imaging technology pioneered for studies
of immune cell movements in living animals by CIID investigator and co-author Thorsten Mempel, MD, PhD — to follow in real time the development
of IC - induced arthritis in a mouse model
of rheumatoid arthritis.
Current thinking regarding
type III hypersensitivity is that
immune cells within tissues sense the presence
of these
immune complexes (ICs) through
specific receptor molecules and release inflammatory factors called cytokines that activate the endothelial
cells lining adjacent blood vessels to promote the recruitment
of neutrophils.
«This study extends the narrative that many
of the effects
of disease - related genetic variation are
specific to a certain context, such as a given
immune cell type,» said Barbara Stranger, PhD, University
of Chicago, senior study author.
In earlier studies involving animal models and human cancer
cell lines, researchers found that breast cancer spreads when three
specific cells are in direct contact: an endothelial
cell (a
type of cell that lines the blood vessels), a perivascular macrophage (a
type of immune cell found near blood vessels), and a tumor
cell that produces high levels
of Mena, a protein that enhances a cancer
cell's ability to spread.
It reports that mice rendered
immune to dengue show «cross-protection» from subsequent Zika infection and then identifies
specific types of immune T -
cells capable
of defending against both viruses.
Currently, investigators around the world are experimenting with restoring the
immune cells responsible for keeping CMV in check by transplanting those
specific anti-viral
cells from healthy donors — a
type of immunotherapy.
Researchers from
immune biology professor Annette Oxenius's group have now discovered what keeps NK
cells from killing off their «colleagues from the other department»
of the
immune system: healthy CD8 +
cells are able to detect the
immune messenger substance
type 1 interferon, which binds to
specific receptors on the surface
of these
immune cells and thereby conceals their stress.
To get there, researchers will need to resolve certain obstacles associated with CAR - T, including further customization
of the technology to recognize
specific / other tumor
types, and predicting and limiting cross-reactivity, where CAR - T
immune cells start attacking healthy
cells as well.
In doing so,
specific cell types may activate
immune responses to fine tune
cell - fate decisions at the organismal level; for instance, DNA damage in germ
cells induces an innate
immune response in worms that promotes endurance
of somatic tissues to allow delay
of progeny production when germ
cells are hit by DNA damage.
Our objective is to generate a resource that facilitates research into human
immune - related diseases by creating a comprehensive database
of cell type - and allele -
specific epigenomic and transcriptomic data for the immunology community.
We use the Cre - loxP recombination system to generate mice with
cell type -
specific inactivation
of the IL - 10 gene in order to identify cellular sources
of the cytokine that are relevant in various situations
of immune challenge.
The thymus is the small organ in the lymphatic system that makes T -
cells, [29] which are highly specialized
immune cells that target
specific types and strains
of microbes, like viruses.
The common identifying factor in most autoimmune diseases is a destructive processes called inflammation which will eventually cause the destruction
of cells and tissues
specific to the
type of auto -
immune disease he person has.
The
immune system is made up
of a team
of different
types of cells that, while each having their own
specific function, work together to protect the body from foreign invaders: B -
cells produce antibodies; T -
cells conduct surveillance for potentially dangerous molecules and kills dangerous
cells such as disease - causing bacteria; and macrophages are the scavenger
cells of your body acting like garbage trucks, cleaning up residue and removing potentially dangerous substances.
Specific immune cells known as CD8 + T
cells are needed to fight off the Epstein - Barr virus, however, some individuals may have a low baseline level
of these
types of immune cells.
Pet lymphoma originates in
cells known as lymphocytes, which are a
specific type of white blood
cell of the
immune system.
ACT - activated clotting time (bleeding disorders) ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenal gland function) Ag - antigen test for proteins
specific to a disease causing organism or virus Alb - albumin (liver, kidney and intestinal disorders) Alk - Phos, ALP alkaline phosphatase (liver and adrenal disorders) Allergy Testing intradermal or blood antibody test for allergen hypersensitivity ALT - alanine aminotransferase (liver disorder) Amyl - amylase enzyme — non
specific (pancreatitis) ANA - antinuclear antibody (systemic lupus erythematosus) Anaplasmosis Anaplasma spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) APTT - activated partial thromboplastin time (blood clotting ability) AST - aspartate aminotransferase (muscle and liver disorders) Band band
cell —
type of white blood
cell Baso basophil —
type of white blood
cell Bile Acids digestive acids produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder (liver function) Bili bilirubin (bile pigment responsible for jaundice from liver disease or RBC destruction) BP - blood pressure measurement BUN - blood urea nitrogen (kidney and liver function) Bx biopsy C & S aerobic / anaerobic bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity test (infection, drug selection) Ca +2 calcium ion — unbound calcium (parathyroid gland function) CBC - complete blood count (all circulating
cells) Chol cholesterol (liver, thyroid disorders) CK, CPK creatine [phospho] kinase (muscle disease, heart disease) Cl - chloride ion — unbound chloride (hydration, blood pH) CO2 - carbon dioxide (blood pH) Contrast Radiograph x-ray image using injected radiopaque contrast media Cortisol hormone produced by the adrenal glands (adrenal gland function) Coomb's anti- red blood
cell antibody test (
immune - mediated hemolytic anemia) Crea creatinine (kidney function) CRT - capillary refill time (blood pressure, tissue perfusion) DTM - dermatophyte test medium (ringworm — dermatophytosis) EEG - electroencephalogram (brain function, epilepsy) Ehrlichia Ehrlichia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) EKG, ECG - electrok [c] ardiogram (electrical heart activity, heart arryhthmia) Eos eosinophil —
type of white blood
cell Fecal, flotation, direct intestinal parasite exam FeLV Feline Leukemia Virus test FIA Feline Infectious Anemia: aka Feline Hemotrophic Mycoplasma, Haemobartonella felis test FIV Feline Immunodeficiency Virus test Fluorescein Stain fluorescein stain uptake
of cornea (corneal ulceration) fT4, fT4ed, freeT4ed thyroxine hormone unbound by protein measured by equilibrium dialysis (thyroid function) GGT gamma - glutamyltranferase (liver disorders) Glob globulin (liver,
immune system) Glu blood or urine glucose (diabetes mellitus) Gran granulocytes — subgroup
of white blood
cells Hb, Hgb hemoglobin — iron rich protein bound to red blood
cells that carries oxygen (anemia, red
cell mass) HCO3 - bicarbonate ion (blood pH) HCT, PCV, MHCT hematocrit, packed -
cell volume, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) K + potassium ion — unbound potassium (kidney disorders, adrenal gland disorders) Lipa lipase enzyme — non
specific (pancreatitis) LYME Borrelia spp. (tick - borne rickettsial disease) Lymph lymphocyte —
type of white blood
cell MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (anemia, iron deficiency) MCV mean corpuscular volume — average red
cell size (anemia, iron deficiency) Mg +2 magnesium ion — unbound magnesium (diabetes, parathyroid function, malnutrition) MHCT, HCT, PCV microhematocrit, hematocrit, packed -
cell volume (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) MIC minimum inhibitory concentration — part
of the C&S that determines antimicrobial selection Mono monocyte —
type of white blood
cell MRI magnetic resonance imaging (advanced tissue imaging) Na + sodium ion — unbound sodium (dehydration, adrenal gland disease) nRBC nucleated red blood
cell — immature red blood
cell (bone marrow damage, lead toxicity) PCV, HCT, MHCT packed -
cell volume, hematocrit, microhematocrit (hemoconcentration, dehydration, anemia) PE physical examination pH urine pH (urinary tract infection, urolithiasis) Phos phosphorus (kidney disorders, ketoacidosis, parathyroid function) PLI pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (pancreatitis) PLT platelet —
cells involved in clotting (bleeding disorders) PT prothrombin time (bleeding disorders) PTH parathyroid hormone, parathormone (parathyroid function) Radiograph x-ray image RBC red blood
cell count (anemia) REL Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever / Ehrlichia / Lyme combination test Retic reticulocyte — immature red blood
cell (regenerative vs. non-regenerative anemia) RMSF Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever SAP serum alkaline phosphatase (liver disorders) Schirmer Tear Test tear production test (keratoconjunctivitis sicca — dry eye,) Seg segmented neutrophil —
type of white blood
cell USG Urine
specific gravity (urine concentration, kidney function) spec cPL
specific canine pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test spec fPL
specific feline pancreatic lipase (pancreatitis)-- replaces the PLI test T4 thyroxine hormone — total (thyroid gland function) TLI trypsin - like immunoreactivity (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency) TP total protein (hydration, liver disorders) TPR temperature / pulse / respirations (physical exam vital signs) Trig triglycerides (fat metabolism, liver disorders) TSH thyroid stimulating hormone (thyroid gland function) UA urinalysis (kidney function, urinary tract infection, diabetes) Urine Cortisol - Crea Ratio urine cortisol - creatine ratio (screening test for adrenal gland disease) Urine Protein - Crea Ratio urine protein - creatinine ratio (kidney disorders) VWF VonWillebrands factor (bleeding disorder) WBC white blood
cell count (infection, inflammation, bone marrow suppression)