Katz has identified four major
functions served by attitudes within the human personality: (1) the
utilitarian function, by which certain attitudes enable maximization of rewards and avoidance of pain in adjusting to one's environment; (2) the ego - defensive
function, by which
specific attitudes protect the ego; (3) the value - expressive
function, by which particular attitudes provide satisfaction from personal values and self - concept; and (4) the knowledge
function, by which certain attitudes satisfy the need to structure and understand one's universe.