However, if fluctuations (that exceed certain minimum values in magnitude and extent) are included, then the instability of the initial (Nigerian) steady state is demonstrated, and the system approaches one (Irish) or the other (Ivory Coastian) of the two
stable nonequilibrium steady states.
I know nothing about this issue, but I just came across a reference to Jacobson, Mark Z., «Studying ocean acidification with conservative,
stable numerical schemes for
nonequilibrium air - ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry.»