In Negreiff No. 2, the employer argued that relevance is the determining
standard of admissibility and there should be no automatic exclusion of evidence based on privacy breaches.
Not exact matches
All resolutions must conform to the Shareholder Proposal Rule
of the Securities and Exchange Act
of 1934, which sets procedural as well as substantive
standards for
admissibility.
Eventually, the Supreme Court was called upon to determine the proper
standard for the
admissibility of expert scientific testimony in federal trials.
For instance, there might need to be clear
admissibility criteria for postdocs that might possibly include
standards for English language ability, a change in the locus for making the offer
of acceptance, and a shift
of the overall responsibility for postdocs from an individual professor to an academic unit.
Just to reinforce the point, the Daubert decision was about
admissibility of scientific opinion, a lower
standard than correctness.
And therefore the application
of the national
standard to e-discovery and
admissibility proceedings should be necessary, but the case law ignores it.
Showing compliance with them may assist in achieving
admissibility, whereas compliance with the national
standards should definitely satisfy the «proof
of records system integrity» requirement
of the
admissibility rule in s. 31.2 (1)(a)
of the Canada Evidence Act.
And for an advantage in litigation, to raise an argument for opposing the
admissibility of an opponent's records based upon a failure
of standards - compliance, one's own ERMS has to be ready for a reciprocal attack.
See also: «
Admissibility of Records Dependent Upon a Poorly Drafted National
Standard,» (SLAW, October 23, 2015).
This article is about the poorly drafted proposed 2nd edition
of a National
Standard of Canada, which the Evidence Acts make necessary for discovery and
admissibility proceedings concerning the use
of electronic records as evidence.
As you can see, social media and social media content raise serious issues for the judiciary, with regards to independence, integrity and ethical
standards,
admissibility of evidence, the availability
of ex parte information, the extent
of judicial notice, practice rules, the right to a fair trial and juror conduct.
Instead, a wide variety
of admissibility standards exist under national laws, meaning that some Member States have insufficient mechanisms to prevent meritless actions from being filed and pursued.
They are in Illinois, says a survey released yesterday by Illinois Lawsuit Abuse Watch (I - LAW), a group advocating for a bill (HB 1896) that would set tougher
standards in Illinois for
admissibility of expert testimony.
The «triangle
of interdependent proceedings»: (1) electronic discovery proceedings; (2)
admissibility proceedings concerning electronic records as evidence; and, (3) proof
of compliance with Canada's national
standards.
The court decided to review Issues 2, 3, 5 and 6 on a «deferential
standard of reasonableness,» but applied correctness to Issues 1 and 4: «While I acknowledge that in the administrative law context a tribunal may develop its own procedures as to
admissibility without the recognized strictures found in the judicial rules
of evidence, whereas issues # 1 and # 4 principally involve specific questions
of law and concurrent issues involving breaches
of natural justice or procedural fairness, I will apply a
standard of correctness.
Re: lawyers practising in association with non-lawyers: - Absolutely necessary because: (1) technology will be the basis
of almost all laws, therefore we will have to practice with other experts in that technology; (2) records management law will be a major area
of practice because, records are the most frequently used form
of evidence and e-records depend for everything on their e-records management systems (ERMSs), and they must be compliant with the National
Standards of Canada for e-records management, which
standards require legal opinions, and every significant change to an ERMS requires a legal opinion re ability to produce records able to satisfy laws as to e-discovery,
admissibility of evidence, privacy & access to information, electronic commerce, tax laws, and compliance with National
Standards of Canada for e-records management; (3) all new technologies require a legal framework, which means more work for lawyers; and, (4) otherwise, other professions and service providers who now provide «legal information,» will begin to provide «legal advice» and other services that only lawyers should be providing.
A similar relationship in law should be established between e-discovery and
admissibility proceedings, and the National
Standard of Canada for electronic records management.
And it is the foundation concept
of the National
Standard of Canada for electronic records management: Electronic Records as Documentary Evidence CAN / CGSB -72.34-2005, which is largely ignored by the legal profession and the caselaw
of e-discovery and
admissibility.
Explicitly citing the Innocence Network Brief, the Court held that Oregon's previous
standard for the
admissibility of eyewitness identifications (i.e. the Classen test) was «insufficient to ensure that unreliable evidence will be excluded» (24).
The Court formulated a new
standard for the
admissibility of eye witness testimony which, inter alia, mandated that such testimony be excluded if the defendant can prove — based on system and / or estimator variables — that the «probative value
of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice, confusion
of the issues, misleading the jury, or by considerations
of undue delay or needless presentation
of cumulative evidence» (44 - 5).
Judge Weisberg then certified the following question
of law to the Circuit Court: «whether the District
of Columbia should adopt Federal Rule
of Evidence 702 (or a revised Frye
standard) for the
admissibility of expert evidence.»
The Court
of Appeal vacated the trial court's class certification order and remanded for reconsideration, holding that Sargon's
standards for
admissibility of expert testimony apply at the class certification stage.
One case resulted in the unanimous U.S. Supreme Court decision in May
of this year - Bobby Holmes v. South Carolina - that reversed the South Carolina Supreme Court's decision affirming Holmes» death sentence, and set a new
standard for the
admissibility of third - party guilt evidence in the United States.
In response to the defendant's argument that a party to litigation is entitled to the production
of evidence that is «reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery
of admissible evidence,» Magistrate Judge Facciola held that the defendant's purpose for seeking the images (which was to admit them as evidence
of the plaintiff's own
standard of behaviour) meant that the issue
of discoverability and the issue
of admissibility were inseparable.
This is inconsequential, however, because the Texas Supreme Court and Court
of Criminal Appeals have both articulated
standards concerning the
admissibility of expert testimony that are consistent with the federal rule's text.
The Federation has also created national
admissibility standards that stipulate what core courses are required in order for a law school to be accredited; in addition, the Federation sets out what must be covered as part
of provincial bar admission courses / exams.
Trial judges have used a pre-trial «Daubert / Kumho» hearing to assist in determining the
admissibility of expert testimony, and have turned to other
admissibility standards such as Fed.
Initially, the First Circuit focused on the
standards of Daubert / Kumho, stating that this type
of expert testimony is subject to a Daubert review, that the trial judge has broad latitude in determining the
admissibility of an expert, and that the trial judge's decision will only be reversed for an abuse
of discretion.
From the language
of the case cited above, one can see the struggles that courts have had articulating
standards for
admissibility of social media evidence.
It is a dangerous and unacceptable ignorance that allows for the continuation
of the very inadequate process currently being used to create a second edition
of 72.34; see: «
Admissibility of Records Dependent Upon a Poorly Drafted National
Standard.»
By becoming familiar with the applicable ethical
standards governing the professional behavior
of psychologists and psychiatrists a more reasoned judgement can be made about the
admissibility of PAS in the courtroom.
Jacquelyn contends that these findings are pending on appeal and therefore inappropriate to use, that Barr is unqualified to make a psychological diagnosis, and that «parental alienation syndrome» fails to meet the
standards for
admissibility of scientific evidence.