When estimating the effect of a teacher's gender, I
use standard statistical techniques to adjust for the effect of several other teacher and classroom characteristics that may affect student outcomes.
Normalized age - performance curves have been estimated using
standard statistical techniques which allow for differences between sites and over time in wind resources and other factors.
Correlations, of course, do not imply causation and
standard statistical techniques, such as the ones used here, are unable to provide much information about the causal processes that might lead from the gene × gene interaction to conduct disorder or to adult antisocial behavior.