Sentences with phrase «state early education policy»

She conducts research on national and state early education policy and practices and provides technical assistance to state leaders.

Jim Squires, Senior Research Fellow (National Institute for Early Education) / Senior TA Fellow (Center on Enhancing Early Learning Outcomes) Jim conducts research on national and state early education policy and practices, focusing on prekindergarten through third grade, and provides technical assistance to state leaders.

Some state departments of education have also begun using kindergarten readiness assessments to help shape state early education policy and programs.

Not exact matches

* Day 1 Monday, February 22, 2016 4:00 PM -5:00 PM Registration & Networking 5:00 PM — 6:00 PM Welcome Reception & Opening Remarks Kevin de Leon, President pro Tem, California State Senate Debra McMannis, Director of Early Education & Support Division, California Department of Education (invited) Karen Stapf Walters, Executive Director, California State Board of Education (invited) 6:00 PM — 7:00 PM Keynote Address & Dinner Dr. Patricia K. Kuhl, Co-Director, Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences * Day 2 Tuesday February 23, 2016 8:00 AM — 9:00 AM Registration, Continental Breakfast, & Networking 9:00 AM — 9:15 AM Opening Remarks John Kim, Executive Director, Advancement Project Camille Maben, Executive Director, First 5 California Tom Torlakson, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, California Department of Education 9:15 AM — 10:00 AM Morning Keynote David B. Grusky, Executive Director, Stanford's Center on Poverty & Inequality 10:00 AM — 11:00 AM Educating California's Young Children: The Recent Developments in Transitional Kindergarten & Expanded Transitional Kindergarten (Panel Discussion) Deborah Kong, Executive Director, Early Edge California Heather Quick, Principal Research Scientist, American Institutes for Research Dean Tagawa, Administrator for Early Education, Los Angeles Unified School District Moderator: Erin Gabel, Deputy Director, First 5 California (Invited) 11:00 AM — 12:00 PM «Political Will & Prioritizing ECE» (Panel Discussion) Eric Heins, President, California Teachers Association Senator Hannah - Beth Jackson, Chair of the Women's Legislative Committee, California State Senate David Kirp, James D. Marver Professor of Public Policy, University of California, Berkeley Assemblyman Kevin McCarty, Chairman of Subcommittee No. 2 of Education Finance, California State Assembly Moderator: Kim Pattillo Brownson, Managing Director, Policy & Advocacy, Advancement Project 12:00 PM — 12:45 PM Lunch 12:45 PM — 1:45 PM Lunch Keynote - «How Children Succeed: Grit, Curiosity, and the Hidden Power of Character» Paul Tough, New York Times Magazine Writer, Author 1:45 PM — 1:55 PM Break 2:00 PM — 3:05 PM Elevating ECE Through Meaningful Community Partnerships (Panel Discussion) Sandra Guiterrez, National Director, Abriendo Purtas / Opening Doors Mary Ignatius, Statewide Organize of Parent Voices, California Child Care Resource & Referral Network Jacquelyn McCroskey, John Mile Professor of Child Welfare, University of Southern California School of Social Work Jolene Smith, Chief Executive Officer, First 5 Santa Clara County Moderator: Rafael González, Director of Best Start, First 5 LA 3:05 PM — 3:20 PM Closing Remarks Camille Maben, Executive Director, First 5 California * Agenda Subject to Change

The highest rates of breastfeeding are observed among higher - income, college - educated women > 30 years of age living in the Mountain and Pacific regions of the United States.60 Obstacles to the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding include physician apathy and misinformation,61 - 63 insufficient prenatal breastfeeding education, 64 disruptive hospital policies, 65 inappropriate interruption of breastfeeding, 62 early hospital discharge in some populations, 66 lack of timely routine follow - up care and postpartum home health visits, 67 maternal employment68, 69 (especially in the absence of workplace facilities and support for breastfeeding), 70 lack of broad societal support, 71 media portrayal of bottle - feeding as normative, 72 and commercial promotion of infant formula through distribution of hospital discharge packs, coupons for free or discounted formula, and television and general magazine advertising.73, 74

Supporting Early Educators Competencies - Over the past year, building off the success of the Post-Master's Certificate Program in Early Education Leadership Research, Policy and Leadership, which graduated two cohorts to date, the University of Massachusetts - Boston has created a doctoral degree program in early education, the first of its kind in the sEarly Educators Competencies - Over the past year, building off the success of the Post-Master's Certificate Program in Early Education Leadership Research, Policy and Leadership, which graduated two cohorts to date, the University of Massachusetts - Boston has created a doctoral degree program in early education, the first of its kind in the sEarly Education Leadership Research, Policy and Leadership, which graduated two cohorts to date, the University of Massachusetts - Boston has created a doctoral degree program in early education, the first of its kind in tEducation Leadership Research, Policy and Leadership, which graduated two cohorts to date, the University of Massachusetts - Boston has created a doctoral degree program in early education, the first of its kind in the searly education, the first of its kind in teducation, the first of its kind in the state.

At 1:15 p.m., the National Institute for Early Education Research releases its annual «State of Preschool Report» for the 2014 - 15 school year, NYC Mayor Bill de Blasio is scheduled to speak, along with Deputy Assistant Secretary of Education for Policy and Early Learning Dr Libby Doggett, AFT President Randi Weingarten and others, Sugar Hill Museum Preschool, 898 St. Nicholas Ave., Manhattan.

State lawmakers earlier this year agreed to a package of education policy changes that linked test scores to evaluations as well as in - classroom observation and made it more difficult for teachers to obtain tenure.

Early in his term in office, Gov. Andrew Cuomo and the state's former top education officials all championed a policy to use the test results to rate teacher performance.

Earlier this year, the conference approved a package of education policy changes opposed by the state's teachers unions, but linked to a spike in school aid funding for the new year.

We look forward to working with Senator Klein to ensure that New York State makes the investments necessary to ensure high - quality early childhood education for New York's children,» said Gregory Brender, the Co-Director of Policy and Advocacy for United Neighborhood Houses.

List of Supporting Organizations: • African Services Committee • Albany County Central Federation of Labor • Alliance for Positive Change • ATLI - Action Together Long Island • Brooklyn Kindergarten Society • NY Immigration Coalition • Catholic Charities • Catholic Charities Brooklyn and Queens • Catholic Charities of Buffalo • Catholic Charities of Chemung / Schuyler • Catholic Charities of Diocese of Albany • Catholic Charities of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse • CDRC • Center for Independence of the Disabled NY • Children Defense Fund • Chinese - American Planning Council, Inc. • Citizen Action of New York • Coalition for the Homeless • Coalition on the Continuum of Care • Community Food Advocates • Community Health Net • Community Healthcare Network • Community Resource Exchange (CRE) • Day Care Council of New York • Dewitt Reformed Church • Early Care & Learning Council • East Harlem Block Nursery, Inc. • Family Reading Partnership of Chemung Valley • Fiscal Policy Institute • Food & Water Watch • Forestdale, Inc. • FPWA • GOSO • GRAHAM WINDHAM • Greater New York Labor Religion Coalition • HCCI • Heights and Hills • Housing and Services, Inc. • Jacob A. Riis Neighborhood Settlement • Jewish Family Service • Labor - Religion Coalition of NYS • Latino Commission on AIDS • LEHSRC • Make the Road New York • MercyFirst • Met Council • Metro New York Health Care for All • Mohawk Valley CAA • NAMI • New York Association on Independent Living • New York Democratic County Committee • New York State Community Action Association • New York State Network for Youth Success • New York StateWide Senior Action Council • NYSCAA • Park Avenue Christian Church (DoC) / UCC • Partnership with Children • Met Council • Professional Staff Congress • PSC / CUNY AFT Local 2334 • ROCitizen • Schenectady Community Action Program, Inc. • SCO Family of Services • SICM — Schenectady Community Ministries • Sunnyside Community Services • Supportive Housing Network of New York, Inc • The Alliance for Positive Change • The Children's Village • The Door — A Center of Alternatives • The Radical Age Movement • UJA - Federation of New York • United Neighborhood Houses • University Settlement • Urban Pathways, Inc • Women's Center for Education & Career Advancement

The governor in New York does not directly control education policy, but earlier this year Cuomo inserted into the state budget the requirement that new teacher evaluations be more dependent on standardized tests.

Deutermann and other parent boycott leaders across the state were early supporters of Rosa for the chancellor's position on the Board of Regents, which oversees the Education Department and sets the state's overall policy on testing and other educatioEducation Department and sets the state's overall policy on testing and other educationeducation issues.

Congressional Republicans voted in early March to repeal crucial regulations under the Every Student Succeeds Act in favor of leaving education policy largely in the hands of state governments.

Access to state - supported early childhood programs significantly reduces the likelihood that children will be placed in special education in the third grade, academically benefiting students and resulting in considerable cost savings to school districts, according to new research published today in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, a peer - reviewed journal of the American Educational Research Association.

«This has very important implications for early education policy in the United States, where we are debating how early to start and whether preschool should be provided to all children or exclusively target low - income children,» said Dearing, a professor of applied developmental psychology who is also a senior research fellow at the Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development at the University of Oslo.

They can prod districts and states to examine their special education policies and practices, potentially identifying ones that unintentionally yield discriminatory results, and shine a light on groups in need of greater early intervention resources.

If the gaps between groups exceed state - determined thresholds for «significant disproportionality,» the state must examine local policies and require the district to devote more of its federal special education funds to early intervention.

Early - education policy in the Unites States has its roots in the social - welfare initiatives that began at the turn of the 20th century and continue to this day with successful programs like Head Start.

The key points from each strand are highlighted as follows: Early Identification and support • Early identification of need: health and development review at 2/2.5 years • Support in early years from health professionals: greater capacity from health visiting services • Accessible and high quality early years provision: DfE and DfH joint policy statement on the early years; tickell review of EYFS; free entitlement of 15 hours for disadvantaged two year olds • A new approach to statutory assessment: education, health and care plan to replace statement • A more efficient statutory assessment process: DoH to improve the provision and timeliness of health advice; to reduce time limit for current statutory assessment process to 20 weeks Giving parent's control • Supporting families through the system: a continuation of early support resources • Clearer information for parents: local authorities to set out a local offer of support; slim down requirements on schools to publish SEN information • Giving parents more control over support and funding for their child: individual budget by 2014 for all those with EHC plan • A clear choice of school: parents will have rights to express a preference for a state - funded school • Short breaks for carers and children: a continuation in investment in short breaks • Mediation to resolve disagreements: use of mediation before a parent can register an appeal with the TriEarly Identification and support • Early identification of need: health and development review at 2/2.5 years • Support in early years from health professionals: greater capacity from health visiting services • Accessible and high quality early years provision: DfE and DfH joint policy statement on the early years; tickell review of EYFS; free entitlement of 15 hours for disadvantaged two year olds • A new approach to statutory assessment: education, health and care plan to replace statement • A more efficient statutory assessment process: DoH to improve the provision and timeliness of health advice; to reduce time limit for current statutory assessment process to 20 weeks Giving parent's control • Supporting families through the system: a continuation of early support resources • Clearer information for parents: local authorities to set out a local offer of support; slim down requirements on schools to publish SEN information • Giving parents more control over support and funding for their child: individual budget by 2014 for all those with EHC plan • A clear choice of school: parents will have rights to express a preference for a state - funded school • Short breaks for carers and children: a continuation in investment in short breaks • Mediation to resolve disagreements: use of mediation before a parent can register an appeal with the TriEarly identification of need: health and development review at 2/2.5 years • Support in early years from health professionals: greater capacity from health visiting services • Accessible and high quality early years provision: DfE and DfH joint policy statement on the early years; tickell review of EYFS; free entitlement of 15 hours for disadvantaged two year olds • A new approach to statutory assessment: education, health and care plan to replace statement • A more efficient statutory assessment process: DoH to improve the provision and timeliness of health advice; to reduce time limit for current statutory assessment process to 20 weeks Giving parent's control • Supporting families through the system: a continuation of early support resources • Clearer information for parents: local authorities to set out a local offer of support; slim down requirements on schools to publish SEN information • Giving parents more control over support and funding for their child: individual budget by 2014 for all those with EHC plan • A clear choice of school: parents will have rights to express a preference for a state - funded school • Short breaks for carers and children: a continuation in investment in short breaks • Mediation to resolve disagreements: use of mediation before a parent can register an appeal with the Triearly years from health professionals: greater capacity from health visiting services • Accessible and high quality early years provision: DfE and DfH joint policy statement on the early years; tickell review of EYFS; free entitlement of 15 hours for disadvantaged two year olds • A new approach to statutory assessment: education, health and care plan to replace statement • A more efficient statutory assessment process: DoH to improve the provision and timeliness of health advice; to reduce time limit for current statutory assessment process to 20 weeks Giving parent's control • Supporting families through the system: a continuation of early support resources • Clearer information for parents: local authorities to set out a local offer of support; slim down requirements on schools to publish SEN information • Giving parents more control over support and funding for their child: individual budget by 2014 for all those with EHC plan • A clear choice of school: parents will have rights to express a preference for a state - funded school • Short breaks for carers and children: a continuation in investment in short breaks • Mediation to resolve disagreements: use of mediation before a parent can register an appeal with the Triearly years provision: DfE and DfH joint policy statement on the early years; tickell review of EYFS; free entitlement of 15 hours for disadvantaged two year olds • A new approach to statutory assessment: education, health and care plan to replace statement • A more efficient statutory assessment process: DoH to improve the provision and timeliness of health advice; to reduce time limit for current statutory assessment process to 20 weeks Giving parent's control • Supporting families through the system: a continuation of early support resources • Clearer information for parents: local authorities to set out a local offer of support; slim down requirements on schools to publish SEN information • Giving parents more control over support and funding for their child: individual budget by 2014 for all those with EHC plan • A clear choice of school: parents will have rights to express a preference for a state - funded school • Short breaks for carers and children: a continuation in investment in short breaks • Mediation to resolve disagreements: use of mediation before a parent can register an appeal with the Triearly years; tickell review of EYFS; free entitlement of 15 hours for disadvantaged two year olds • A new approach to statutory assessment: education, health and care plan to replace statement • A more efficient statutory assessment process: DoH to improve the provision and timeliness of health advice; to reduce time limit for current statutory assessment process to 20 weeks Giving parent's control • Supporting families through the system: a continuation of early support resources • Clearer information for parents: local authorities to set out a local offer of support; slim down requirements on schools to publish SEN information • Giving parents more control over support and funding for their child: individual budget by 2014 for all those with EHC plan • A clear choice of school: parents will have rights to express a preference for a state - funded school • Short breaks for carers and children: a continuation in investment in short breaks • Mediation to resolve disagreements: use of mediation before a parent can register an appeal with the Triearly support resources • Clearer information for parents: local authorities to set out a local offer of support; slim down requirements on schools to publish SEN information • Giving parents more control over support and funding for their child: individual budget by 2014 for all those with EHC plan • A clear choice of school: parents will have rights to express a preference for a state - funded school • Short breaks for carers and children: a continuation in investment in short breaks • Mediation to resolve disagreements: use of mediation before a parent can register an appeal with the Tribunal

In 2006, a statement called the «Broader, Bolder Approach to Education» was created and signed by a diverse, bipartisan group of individuals stating that education policy has failed and calling for a much broader approach to education by incorporating high - quality early childhood and afterschool / summer programs, and adequate healthcare for all Education» was created and signed by a diverse, bipartisan group of individuals stating that education policy has failed and calling for a much broader approach to education by incorporating high - quality early childhood and afterschool / summer programs, and adequate healthcare for all education policy has failed and calling for a much broader approach to education by incorporating high - quality early childhood and afterschool / summer programs, and adequate healthcare for all education by incorporating high - quality early childhood and afterschool / summer programs, and adequate healthcare for all children.

We're generally averse to «tracking» (deciding early in secondary education who's right for college and who's right for work), so our state policies generally view CTE as an «add on» to, not a replacement for, a traditional high school education.

Most states have already dramatically increased their spending on education and have poured considerable resources into testing programs - changes driven by earlier federal initiatives, state - level policy, and court decisions, not NCLB.

As noted earlier, special - education students who were receiving instruction at grade level were included in the state's testing system for the first time in 1999, and Houston imposed an even more inclusive policy.

After a decade of tracking state policies in key areas related to elementary and secondary education, Quality Counts this year significantly broadens its perspective to look at the connections between K - 12 education and the other systems with which it intersects: early - childhood education, teacher preparation, postsecondary education, and economic and workforce development.

Join Laura Bornfreund, the deputy director of the Early Education Initiative for the New America Foundation, and Debi Mathias, the director of the QRIS National Learning Network, as they discuss current early - childhood policy, efforts underway to bolster preschool quality, and suggestions for improvements at the local, state, and federal leEarly Education Initiative for the New America Foundation, and Debi Mathias, the director of the QRIS National Learning Network, as they discuss current early - childhood policy, efforts underway to bolster preschool quality, and suggestions for improvements at the local, state, and federal leearly - childhood policy, efforts underway to bolster preschool quality, and suggestions for improvements at the local, state, and federal levels.

Early Childhood Educators: The Zaentz Professional Learning Academy is designed to support the learning and development of early education leaders at all levels and in all settings in the mixed - delivery system — those influencing practice and policy from the schoolhouse to the state hEarly Childhood Educators: The Zaentz Professional Learning Academy is designed to support the learning and development of early education leaders at all levels and in all settings in the mixed - delivery system — those influencing practice and policy from the schoolhouse to the state hearly education leaders at all levels and in all settings in the mixed - delivery system — those influencing practice and policy from the schoolhouse to the state house.

Areas of Focus: federal education policy, state education policy, early - childhood education, special education

A new study from Harvard University could substantially transform our understanding of what works in early childhood education in the United States, creating clearer avenues to bring effective practices and policies to scale.

Education Commission of the States is the trusted source for comprehensive knowledge and unbiased resources on education policy issues ranging from early learning through postsecondary eEducation Commission of the States is the trusted source for comprehensive knowledge and unbiased resources on education policy issues ranging from early learning through postsecondary eeducation policy issues ranging from early learning through postsecondary educationeducation.

National organizations such as EdChoice (formerly the Friedman Foundation, established in 1996) and the American Education Reform Foundation (founded in 1998) and Alliance for School Choice (founded in 2004), which later became affiliated with the American Federation for Children (founded in 2009), were the most prominent voices in state capitols, providing early leadership on choice - related policy and working to counter choice policy myths.

-- April 8, 2015 Planning a High - Poverty School Overhaul — January 29, 2015 Four Keys to Recruiting Excellent Teachers — January 15, 2015 Nashville's Student Teachers Earn, Learn, and Support Teacher - Leaders — December 16, 2014 Opportunity Culture Voices on Video: Nashville Educators — December 4, 2014 How the STEM Teacher Shortage Fails U.S. Kids — and How To Fix It — November 6, 2014 5 - Step Guide to Sustainable, High - Paid Teacher Career Paths — October 29, 2014 Public Impact Update: Policies States Need to Reach Every Student with Excellent Teaching — October 15, 2014 New Website on Teacher - Led Professional Learning — July 23, 2014 Getting the Best Principal: Solutions to Great - Principal Pipeline Woes Doing the Math on Opportunity Culture's Early Impact — June 24, 2014 N&O Editor Sees Solution to N.C. Education «Angst and Alarm»: Opportunity Culture Models — June 9, 2014 Large Pay, Learning, and Economic Gains Projected with Statewide Opportunity Culture Implementation — May 13, 2014 Cabarrus County Schools Join National Push to Extend Reach of Excellent Teachers — May 12, 2014 Public Impact Co-Directors» Op - Ed: Be Bold on Teacher Pay — May 5, 2014 New videos: Charlotte schools pay more to attract, leverage, keep best teachers — April 29, 2014 Case studies: Opening blended - learning charter schools — March 20, 2014 Syracuse, N.Y., schools join Opportunity Culture initiative — March 6, 2014 What do teachers say about an Opportunity Culture?

To make informed policy decisions across agencies, such as the state education agency and early childhood, higher education, and workforce agencies, cross-agency data governance is needed.

Iwunze Ugo, a research associate who focuses on K — 12 education at the nonprofit Public Policy Institute of California, or PPIC, says it's too early to determine whether or not the state's Local Control Funding Formula is working.

While American early education policy is heavily shaped by a number of federal laws, charter policy is almost entirely determined at the state level.

Buried in a footnote early in the DCL is this political time bomb: «State education officials should examine policies and practices for resource allocation among districts [emphasis added] to ensure that differences among districts do not have the unjustified effect of discriminating on the basis of race.»

Earlier this month, Rick Hess wrote about a survey that asked state teachers of the year to share their views on key education policy issues.

New Video Explains How Adults Can Lessen «Toxic Stress» In Kids Commonhealth, WBUR, June 25, 2013 «This policy direction strikes a chord with President Obama, whose most recent State of the Union address focused in part on early childhood education and its importance in setting the stage for a successful adult life.

Early Childhood Teacher Education Policies: Research Review and State Trends (April 2016) Diane Schilder

This policy report, co-released by the National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) and the Center on Enhancing Early Learning Outcomes (CEELO), discusses trends in enrollment, funding, and quality standards, as well as English Language Learner and Special Education students, in state - funded pre-K between 2001 - 2002 and 2011 - 2012.

Washington Policy Center, the state's premier public policy research and education organization, has completed non-partisan, objective analysis of all statewide propositions appearing on this year's ballot, including Referendum 55, which asks voters to decide if a limited experimental charter school law, which the Legislature passed earlier this year, should be pasPolicy Center, the state's premier public policy research and education organization, has completed non-partisan, objective analysis of all statewide propositions appearing on this year's ballot, including Referendum 55, which asks voters to decide if a limited experimental charter school law, which the Legislature passed earlier this year, should be paspolicy research and education organization, has completed non-partisan, objective analysis of all statewide propositions appearing on this year's ballot, including Referendum 55, which asks voters to decide if a limited experimental charter school law, which the Legislature passed earlier this year, should be passed...

The latest Center on Enhancing Early Learning Outcomes brief answers these questions to provide early childhood specialists in state departments of education and other stakeholders with information to inform poEarly Learning Outcomes brief answers these questions to provide early childhood specialists in state departments of education and other stakeholders with information to inform poearly childhood specialists in state departments of education and other stakeholders with information to inform policy.

This policy brief from the Education Commission of the States defines early college high schools, clarifies how they differ from traditional dual enrollment programs, and provides recent research on the positive impact of early college high school participation on academic outcomes for traditionally underserved students.

Early Childhood Teacher Education Policies: Research Review and State Trends reviews key findings from a recent policy report by the Center on Enhancing Early Learning Outcomes which reviews published research on early childhood (ECE) workforce education and credentials as well as on the current status of ECE wages, recruitment and retention challenges, and promising practEarly Childhood Teacher Education Policies: Research Review and State Trends reviews key findings from a recent policy report by the Center on Enhancing Early Learning Outcomes which reviews published research on early childhood (ECE) workforce education and credentials as well as on the current status of ECE wages, recruitment and retention challenges, and promising pEducation Policies: Research Review and State Trends reviews key findings from a recent policy report by the Center on Enhancing Early Learning Outcomes which reviews published research on early childhood (ECE) workforce education and credentials as well as on the current status of ECE wages, recruitment and retention challenges, and promising practEarly Learning Outcomes which reviews published research on early childhood (ECE) workforce education and credentials as well as on the current status of ECE wages, recruitment and retention challenges, and promising practearly childhood (ECE) workforce education and credentials as well as on the current status of ECE wages, recruitment and retention challenges, and promising peducation and credentials as well as on the current status of ECE wages, recruitment and retention challenges, and promising practices.

Committee chair Neil Carmichael said he and colleagues were «determined» to take a close eye to the proposed education policies, and said the hearing would provide an early opportunity for MPs to «press the secretary of state on her plans for all schools become academies by 2022».

July 29, 2016 (New York)-- Educators 4 Excellence - New York (E4E - NY), a teacher - led organization that seeks to elevate the voices of teachers in policy discussions, praised the State Education Department's early release of statewide testing scores and participation rates as a continued move toward greater transparency for New York's educatioEducation Department's early release of statewide testing scores and participation rates as a continued move toward greater transparency for New York's educationeducation system.

«Any changes that have occurred in practice and policy are occurring at the local school system or classroom - based level or by happenstance at the state education agency level,» remarks Albert Wat, a senior policy director at the Alliance for Early Success.

Massell's (2008) analysis of education policy activity in the early 1990s, for example, suggested that, for many states, K — 12 education standards represented «a central framework guiding state education policy and practice» (2), as compared to other states where policy initiatives did not stem from any significant internal standards - based reform impetus.

While our findings demonstrate the vertical influence federal incentivization can have on state adoption activity, our findings also support earlier work in education (e.g., Cohen - Vogel, Ingle, Albee, and Spence 2008; Mintrom and Vergari 1998) showing that the likelihood of state adoption may be enhanced through participation in national policy consortia.