The data presented here has been constructed from thousands of
surface station measurements from around the world, and tends to be a couple hours behind real - time.
To conduct its analysis, GISS uses publicly available data from 6,300 meteorological stations around the world; ship - and buoy - based observations of sea surface temperature; and Antarctic
research station measurements.
The new analysis combines sea - surface temperature records with
meteorological station measurements and tests alternative choices for ocean records, urban warming and tropical and Arctic oscillations.
While Denton likely knew that what he was doing went against protocol, he might have convinced himself that his actions were appropriate, or necessary, since the
official station measurements were too low.
Clarifying myself here: with «raw SMHI data» I meant the
actual station measurement data — CRU may well be in possession of the original SMHI monthly mean station data but the request to release was for the «fiddled» version of that.
ChinaGate — An investigation by the U.K.'s left - leaning Guardian newspaper found evidence that Chinese weather
station measurements not only were seriously flawed, but couldn't be located.
So, how is it that satellite data (with a 3C standard deviation in the difference from
AWS stations measurements) are used to fill - in the missing AWS data, yet the AWS reconstruction has 95 % confidence limits spanning only about + / - 1C?
To conduct its analysis, GISS uses publicly available data from three sources: weather data from more than a thousand meteorological stations around the world; satellite observations of sea surface temperature; and Antarctic
research station measurements.
Because the GISS analysis combines available sea surface temperature records with
meteorological station measurements, we test alternative choices for the ocean data, showing that global temperature change is sensitive to estimated temperature change in polar regions where observations are limited.
Contours are rainfall totals from the Canadian Precipitation Analysis, which combines weather model output with
station measurements to estimate regional precipitation amounts.
The temperature analysis produced at GISS is compiled from weather data from more than 1,000 meteorological stations around the world, satellite observations of sea surface temperature and Antarctic research
station measurements.
As I understand it, satellite measurements are of the lower troposphere and
station measurements are surface temperatures, at least the air temperature at a metre and a bit above the surface.
Intriguingly, Gavin Schmidt, a lead researcher at NASA's GISS, wrote Anthony Watts that criticism of the quality of these individual temperature
station measurements was irrelevant because GISS climate data does not relay on individual station data, it relies on grid cell data.