«Since 1990, surface ocean pH has directly been measured or calculated at
several locations, with the average recent decrease estimated as 0.0019 pH units
per year at the Hawaii Ocean
Time - series (HOT; close to the site of long - term atmospheric CO2 measurements at Mauna Loa)[12]; 0.0017
per year based on transects in the North Pacific [13]; 0.0012
per year at the Bermuda Atlantic
Time - Series (BATS)[14] and 0.0017
per year at the European
Station for
Time - Series in the Ocean at the Canary Islands (ESTOC)[15].