The usual health warnings were issued in the form of
statistical uncertainty estimates, but these invitations to prudence were given less attention than they deserved by most consumers of the numbers.
Not exact matches
This is intended to take account of some of the
uncertainties inherent in data on whale populations, and requires only two kinds of data: current
estimates and their
statistical error; and historical details of catches.
The model results (which are based on driving various climate models with
estimated solar, volcanic, and anthropogenic radiative forcing changes over this timeframe) are, by in large, remarkably consistent with the reconstructions, taking into account the
statistical uncertainties.
(in general, whether for future projections or historical reconstructions or
estimates of climate sensitivity, I tend to be sympathetic to arguments of more rather than less
uncertainty because I feel like in general, models and
statistical approaches are not exhaustive and it is «plausible» that additional factors could lead to either higher or lower
estimates than seen with a single approach.
Finally, I note that
statistical uncertainty has been
estimated according to the IPCC AR5 method, which was in turn based on the autocorrelation adjustment method in Santer et al (2008) on which you (Gavin) were a co-author.
When I read the media PR on this, it looked like BEST claimed better
statistical methods, leading to lower
estimates of the
uncertainty in the temperature change - even at the decadal level.
Although some earlier work along similar lines had been done by other paleoclimate researchers (Ed Cook, Phil Jones, Keith Briffa, Ray Bradley, Malcolm Hughes, and Henry Diaz being just a few examples), before Mike, no one had seriously attempted to use all the available paleoclimate data together, to try to reconstruct the global patterns of climate back in time before the start of direct instrumental observations of climate, or to
estimate the underlying
statistical uncertainties in reconstructing past temperature changes.
The IPCC range, on the other hand, encompasses the overall
uncertainty across a very large number of studies, using different methods all with their own potential biases and problems (e.g., resulting from biases in proxy data used as constraints on past temperature changes, etc.) There is a number of single studies on climate sensitivity that have
statistical uncertainties as small as Cox et al., yet different best
estimates — some higher than the classic 3 °C, some lower.
I advise military evaluators to RIGOROUSLY assess the assumptions of
statistical models (not to be confused with physical processes) upon which climate scientists, solar scientists, etc. base
estimates of
uncertainty.
There is currently no consensus on the optimal way to divide computer resources among finer numerical grids, which allow for better simulations; greater numbers of ensemble members, which allow for better
statistical estimates of
uncertainty; and inclusion of a more complete set of processes (e.g., carbon feedbacks, atmospheric chemistry interactions).
Our experiments suggest that both
statistical approaches should yield reliable reconstructions of the true climate history within
estimated uncertainties, given
estimates of the signal and noise attributes of actual proxy data networks.
There are many other tests that can be used to
estimate the
uncertainty that remains in the final results after
statistical handling has been completed.
UHI is under
estimated, the homogenization method is not accepted by statisticians outside of the small club who created the technique — the climate-gate emails showed severe
uncertainties and lack of knowledge of proper analytical and
statistical techniques, and even suppression of information, even if this is more common practice than people believe... just unacceptable.
Such issues of robustness need to be taken into account in
estimates of
statistical uncertainties.
To
estimate the
uncertainty range (2σ) for mean tropical SST cooling, we consider the error contributions from (a) large - scale patterns in the ocean data temperature field, which hamper a direct comparison with a coarse - resolution model, and (b) the
statistical error for each reconstructed paleo - temperature value.
The Berkeley data is plotted with
uncertainties estimated via randomly subdividing the 179,928 scalpeled stations into 8 smaller sets, calculating global land averages for each of those, and then comparing the results using the «jackknife»
statistical method.
«Epistemology is here applied to problems of
statistical inference during testing, the relationship between the underlying physics and the models, the epistemic meaning of ensemble statistics, problems of spatial and temporal scale, the existence or not of an unforced null for climate fluctuations, the meaning of existing
uncertainty estimates, and other issues.
The 95 % confidence intervals in Figs. 2 and 3 represent
uncertainty in the
statistical estimates of the regression model for observed paths of forcings, SOI, and volcanic sulfates.
The regional outlook contributions help shed light on the
uncertainties associated with the Pan-Arctic
estimates by providing more detail at the regional scale, and were based on numerical models,
statistical methods, and heuristic
estimates.
By the
statistical evaluation of the different climate developments simulated, the
uncertainties in climate projections can be better
estimated and reduced, for example, for rainfall trends.
Value
uncertainties are generally
estimated using
statistical techniques and expressed probabilistically.
The
statistical framework based on regression provides a basis for attaching
uncertainty estimates to the reconstructions.