Galaxies in today's Universe show a striking diversity among their properties, with large variations in their appearance, age, size, weight, and
stellar birth rate.
The amount of oxygen in a galaxy is determined primarily by three factors: how much oxygen comes from large stars that end their lives violently in supernova explosions — a ubiquitous phenomenon in the early Universe, when the
rate of
stellar births was dramatically higher than the
rate in the Universe today; how much of that oxygen gets ejected from the galaxy by so - called «super winds,» which propel oxygen and other interstellar gases out of galaxies at hundreds of thousands of miles per hour; and how much pristine gas enters the galaxy from the intergalactic medium, which doesn't contain much oxygen.