This «rewiring» can partly explain how grasses form different
stomata with superior physiology.
Artist's impression of the sensor comprised of conductive ink printed across
a stoma with two micropillars.
Not exact matches
Even
with the closure of their
stomata, plants still lose water when it's hot, and hydraulic failure — a lack of water a tree needs to survive — poses at least as much a threat as carbon starvation.
As a plant breathes, the
stomata open to release water as vapor, so plants
with fewer
stomata should be better at retaining water.
In contrast to more developed vascular plants
with roots, stems, leaves, and vasculature, which are necessary for the transport of water and nutrients, it remained unclear in the case of mosses, which have no vasculature, which genes are responsible for the development of
stomata.
Because
stomata facilitate an efficient gas exchange
with the atmosphere, they enabled the spread of plants and the subsequent evolution of our complex ecosystems.
What is exciting about these findings is that «now we have a handle on the genes that comprise a universal toolkit for building
stomata,» Bergmann explained, «plants apparently use the same common parts, but the ways these parts function and interact
with each other are different, which is both interesting from a discovery science perspective and could be harnessed to improve growth performance in grasses that humans use for food or fuel.»
Let's talk about what sex is like
with a temporary
stoma, because Crohn's disease is THAT MUCH FUN.
noooooooooooooooooooooooo......... damnit, i'm still bed ridden
with a lovely
stoma bag... fook!!
There is evidence plant
stomata decrease in number and size
with increased CO2.
CO2: Ice Cores vs. Plant
Stomata Watts Up
With That?
Also, there is paleoclimate data that contradicts the ice - core data, such as
Stomata and we have 90,000 direct empirical chemical measurements dating back to 1812 of atmospheric
with a 3 % accuracy that depicts CO2 as high as 440ppm (Beck 2007).
Stomata are small openings on leaves, which vary in size directly
with the amount of atmospheric CO2.
This is based on the ice core record, but there are other measures of CO2 that strongly disagree
with the ice core record: for example, the leaf
stomata record generated by Wagner et al shows significant variation in the Holocene period, indicating that rapid fluctuations do occur and that 370ppm is «high» but not outside typical variability.
A comparison of a
stomata record
with the ice core record for a 2000 - year period (9000 — 7000 BP) illustrates the issue (Figure 9).
Eastman et al. (2001b), for example, found that
with doubled CO2 the grasslands of the central United States were more water efficient on an individual
stoma level (biophysical forcing), but grew more biomass (biogeochemical forcing).
But there is no knowledge how the local bias changed over the centuries... Thus while the
stomata data give a good idea of the local CO2 variability, their absolute CO2 levels should be taken
with a lot of salt.
D. L. Royer's 2001 review of
stomata as an indicator of atmospheric CO2 discusses this in detail,
with long appendixes listing the traits of various candidate species.
First, Finsinger, et al., 2009 compared the
stomata of plants grown in herbariums in Denmark,
with the ice core CO2 index of Mauna Loa and Law Dome.
For the Antarctic ice cores they explicitly say that all ice cores are within 5 ppmv of each other, despite all possible errors in the ice cores drilling, storage and measurements... Not bad compared to
stomata data
with their 63 ppmv range (in one core...).
http://chiefio.wordpress.com/2012/03/02/doubting-oxygen-isotopes/ The second compares the determined ice core carbon dioxide values from 13C: 12C ratio
with contemporary values from plant
stomata.
One study using evidence from
stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability,
with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, [70] though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO2 variability.
The difference between ice core measurements and proxy data (like
stomata data) is that
with proper equipment and handling, the ice cores give a rather good sample of the real atmosphere of many years to milennia ago, while proxies need some translation between what you measure and ancient reality...
In other cases, severe deterioration of the colon and bowel may require removal of the bowel to the extent that patients are left
with a permanent
stoma and the inability to pass a stool as normal people do.
The patient, David James, had been admitted to hospital in May 2012 aged around 68 because of a problem
with a
stoma he had had fitted in 2001 during successful treatment for cancer of the colon.
Despite all the doctors best efforts I had to have an ileostomy, leaving me
with a
stoma (called Margaret) and a bag.
Patient Care Technician — Ogden Hospital, Ogden, Utah — 2007 to 2011 • Performed tracheotomy care, such as cleaning the
stoma, changing tubing, suctioning, and ensuring proper settings and function of the ventilator • Placed catheters on both men and women as needed • Ensured proper nutrition and hydration by double checking meals
with orders from the physician and delivering water regularly • Checked vitals on all patients every two to four hours as required • Maintained detailed and adequate electronic and written medical records