I will describe this model and show how it corresponds to the actual anatomical
structure of organisms.
Identifying complex mutations in
the structure of an organism's genome has been difficult.
Scientists know that the snow leopard's morphology (branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and
structure of organisms and their specific structural features) is very different from leopards.
The show seeks to investigate the internal as a force creating change in
the structure of organisms through the overlap of nature and society, and is placed in the context of ideas of energy flow and the exchange of matter that Manuel De Landa «s book «A Thousand Years of Non-Linear History» conjures.
Not exact matches
The evidence is simply overwhelming and
of various different types: the fossil record, the genetic code, experimental confirmations,
structures in living
organisms which are
of no current use but once were, faulty «designs» that are explained by «blind evolution» but that no sentient being would create, predictions that are tested based one the hypothesis it has occurred etc..
How else, you may ask, is one to understand the unitary reality
of a Whiteheadian
structured society so that it corresponds to what common sense understands as an
organism or compound individual?
The human
organism that employs them must also have a suitable array
of sense receptors and neurological
structures.
The manner in which the letters
of this code are patterned determines the way in which the proteins
of an
organism (composed
of amino acids) will be
structured.
Structures found in nature are too complex to have evolved step - by - step through natural selection [the concept of «irreducible complexity «1]: Natural selection does not require that all structures have the same function or even need to be functional at each step in the development of an
Structures found in nature are too complex to have evolved step - by - step through natural selection [the concept
of «irreducible complexity «1]: Natural selection does not require that all
structures have the same function or even need to be functional at each step in the development of an
structures have the same function or even need to be functional at each step in the development
of an
organism.
Recombinant DNA research has been done primarily on bacteria, one - celled
organisms smaller than animal or plant cells and simpler in
structure, yet capable
of very complex chemical activity.
In various experiments with various conditions, scientists have been able to create a wide range
of cell - like
structures of increasing complexity on the road toward a simple self - replicating
organism.
Highly evolved
organisms of a social species who have outdone their already remarkably intelligent primate relatives in intelligence and complexity
of social
structure.
I want to say that the human
organism is like the agency in that there is both the unified togetherness
of experience enjoyed by the director and fragmentary bits and pieces
of structure which may be at odds with, out
of tune with, the agency as a whole.
In a complex,
structured environment, however, the brain
of a man for instance, there would be myriad oblique entities which, for example, might be themselves the termini
of routes
of inheritance from all over the body, which would introduce to the concrescing central entity all sorts
of new data from the complex supporting
organism (such as hunger pangs, visual impressions, memory traces, sounds, etc.) which were not directly inherited from the dominant past entity.
Man, the living
organism, is a
structured society which includes subordinate societies and nexus with a definite pattern
of structural interrelations.
So we can ask
of the
structures in a living
organism, just as we can ask
of the
structures in a man - made machine, «What is this for?»
Birch and Cobb maintain that the ecological model is more adequate than the mechanical model for explaining DNA, the cell, other biological subject matter (as well as subatomic physics), because it holds that living things behave as they do only in interaction with other things which constitute their environment (LL 83) and because «the constituent elements
of the
structure at each level (
of an
organism) operate in patterns
of interconnectedness which are not mechanical» (LL 83).
In the living
organism he saw the key to a genetic structuralism; what the genetic theory
of cognition wants to analyze by the term psychogenesis is specifically the emergence
of the so - called knowing, intelligent subject from the preliminary stages
of biological organization; that is, the step - by - step ensuing construction
of symbolic conceptual
structures and thinking
structures, following from the sensori - motor performance basis
of cognition.
For Piaget, as for his predecessors, the living
organism was the prototype
of a holistic
structure and the connecting link between, on the one hand, physical - chemical systems and, on the other hand, the thinking subject (S 40).
The phenomenon
of subception discussed by Rogers and selective inattention reported by H. S. Sullivan demonstrate that it is possible for the
organism as a whole to conform to or experience events that the higher conscious processes will fail to detect.23 Hence, the inhibiting and habit - ridden
structures of consciousness are transcended by perception in the adverbial mode.
With the increase in complexity new entities emerge — the classical world out
of the quantum world, molecules and chemical processes out
of atomic
structures, simple living
organisms out
of complex molecular
structures.
This view does not deny the importance
of the mechanical abstraction
of the
structure of the living
organism.
This understanding
of «
organism» makes clear the relatedness
of emergence
of properties
of hierarchically
structured wholes and emergence in evolution.
He develops his argument against atypically atheistic Darwinism around the fact
of evolutionary convergence: «The central point is that because
organisms arrive repeatedly at the same biological solution... this provides not only a degree
of predictability, but more intriguingly points to a deeper
structure to life...» His viewpoint is quite clear: «Metric - sized animals that are the end - result
of many billions
of years
of prior stellar and biological evolution may be the only way to allow at least one species to begin its encounter with God.
Proponents
of the probability argument observe
structures that occur in living
organisms and consider whether such
structures could reasonably be constructed by random interactions.
Organisms like worms create channels in the soil that foster root growth and alongside the lack
of tilling, contribute to a more stable internal
structure that is resilient to environmental stressors and improves capacity for growth.
The provision
of structures providing food and shelter, and the lack
of pesticide use, attract new or re-colonizing species to the organic area (both permanent and migratory), including wild flora and fauna (e.g. birds) and
organisms beneficial to the organic system such as pollinators and pest predators.
The basic
structure of proteins with certain functions is similar in different
organisms.
Growth - controlled and
structure - controlled hydrogels are also useful in the study and development
of flexible electronics and soft robotics, providing increased flexibility compared to conventional robots, and mimicking how living
organisms move and react to their surroundings.
Applying modern experimental technology to these
organisms that, despite their simplicity, still share a large molecular similarity with the nervous systems
of vertebrates, enabled identification
of ancient and therefore fundamental principles
of nervous system
structure and function.
Scientists knew that fruit flies, cockroaches, and other simple
organisms have sensory processors that resemble a cortex, but these were «always interpreted as a striking example
of convergent evolution
of unrelated
structures,» says molecular biologist Raju Tomer, who led the study at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Germany.
Possibly one
of the most striking implications
of the study is that the exceptionally preserved nerve cord
of C. kunmingensis represents a unique
structure that is otherwise unknown in living
organisms.
The research team, led by Bosch, use the freshwater polyp Hydra as the model
organism to elucidate the fundamental principles
of nervous system
structure and function.
And so the microbial world was delegated to an invisible world in the 18th century — as natural philosophers turned to questions about the evolution
of plants and animals, and the geologic
structures that contained fossil remains
of extinct
organisms.
It is truly remarkable that the single - lens instruments made by Leeuwenhoek could allow him to see
organisms so small, yet even with the best lenses
of the day, he could not resolve their internal
structures.
It's the world's largest
structure of living
organisms, covering 20,055 kilometres2.
Increasing evidence is unveiling the relevance
of this
structure — which is secreted by the cells themselves — for the correct function
of the
organism and also for the development
of various diseases.
Most are microscopic and unicellular, with a relatively simple cell
structure lacking a cell nucleus, and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.Bacteria are the most abundant
of all
organisms.
«The most significant pattern in the history
of life is the progressive net increase in complexity
of structure and dynamics that has occurred in
organisms and the ecosystems in which -LSB-...]
Replacement alternative methods include the use
of data concerning the physicochemical properties
of chemicals; predictions based on
structure - activity relationships, including the use
of qualitative and quantitative mathematical models; the biokinetic modelling
of physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological processes; experiments on lower
organisms not classed as?
Self - assembly enables nature to build complex forms, from multicellular
organisms to complex animal
structures such as flocks
of birds, through the interaction
of vast numbers
of limited and unreliable individuals.
Some proteins give an
organism's body its
structure, whether in the cell's internal skeleton or in a strand
of hair.
But it could play a role in helping scientists understand how proteins fold, a process that's crucial to the most basic
structure and function
of living
organisms.
Though single - celled
organisms blanket the Earth and are capable
of impressive biochemistry — some can eat nuclear waste, for example — their
structure and shape remain simple.
If the
structure of Martian water is highly pressurised, perhaps we might expect to find
organisms adapted to high pressure life similar to piezophiles on Earth, such as deep sea bacteria and other
organisms that thrive at high pressure.
He also believes the technique will work reasonably well for studying the
structure and function
of proteins in most other model
organisms, including laboratory mice.
So over time, changes in the cytoskeleton form the shape and behavior
of cells and, ultimately, the
structure and function
of the
organism as a whole.
A small decrease in pH affects the chemical equilibrium
of seawater, making it harder for
organisms to build calcium carbonate
structures.
Composed
of the remnants
of volcanic explosions, eroded mountains, dead
organisms, and even degraded man - made
structures, sand can reveal the history — both biological and geologic —
of a local environment.
There is something intriguing on almost every page
of this well - illustrated and usefully timed study
of probably the oldest ecosystems on the planet and the largest
structures made by living
organisms.