Along with the studies in live animals, the research team also
studied human brain tissue from Northwestern's Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center.
Not exact matches
More work has to be done on
humans as many of the results showed up in mice samples, however in
studying the
human brains of women who had AD scientists found significantly less male fetal
tissue in their
brains as in the same of women who did not have AD.
In the new
study, researchers mined databases of genomic data from
humans and chimpanzees, to find enhancers expressed primarily in the
brain tissue and early in development.
A recent
study published in Annals of Neurology reports that healthy
human tissue grafted to the
brains of patients with Huntington's disease in the hopes of treating the neurological disorder also developed signs of the illness, several years after the graft.
Historically, animal models — from fruit flies to mice — have been the go - to technique to
study the biological consequences of aging, especially in
tissues that can't be easily sampled from living
humans, like the
brain.
In a new
study, published 11 August in Science, researchers classified neurons from mouse and
human brain tissue by their methylation patterns.
The
study of
human astrocytes has faced issues related to access (samples of living
tissue must be obtained from
brain cancer or epilepsy surgeries or fetal
tissue) and purification (breaking apart astrocytes away from other cells often killed them and many experiments ended in failure).
The 3D
tissue structures will let researchers
study the early stages of
human brain development in unprecedented detail.
«It's critically important to be able to look at questions of
brain development in real
human tissue when you're trying to
study human disease.
That's because most
studies on single
human brain cells use dead rather than living
tissue, and many others rely on cells from common laboratory animals, especially mice.
In their comprehensive
study, which involved a search of gene activity maps as well as testing of
human brain tissue, the researchers identified more than 100 enhancers which were much more active in the
brain than in other
tissues.
The
study was conducted by researchers in the UC San Francisco Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, using
brain tissue from
human cases supplied by researchers at the National CJD Survelliance Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Although the gene sequences from
human and chimpanzee remain very similar, previous
studies in
tissues other than the
brain have shown that gene expression varies widely.
One new way that scientists
study this process of cellular development — and a way in which they hope to grow replacement
tissue for medical treatments in the future — is by recreating the essential features of
human brains, eyes, lungs, and guts in a petri dish.
Usually, because of the inaccessibility of
brain tissue in living
humans, epigenetic
studies are carried out using blood samples.
But it does not give anything like the same level of detailed information that can be achieved by painlessly inserting electrodes into
brain tissue in animal or
human studies.
We are using a new technique, called single cell RNA sequencing, to isolate thousands of single neurons from
human brain tissue,
study all the genes that are expressed in each individual cell, and make cell - to - cell comparisons between normal, early stage and late stage AD.
It's difficult to gather
brain tissue samples from
humans, so
studying diseases like tuberous sclerosis is maddening, he said.
To determine what was in fact happening inside the
brain, the
study made use of near - infra red spectroscopy, a method which works with near - infra red range light sent though
human tissue which reacts with oxygen inside the blood.