But many have also documented
study subjects eating more and / or more often in the lab after they have had consecutive nights of partial sleep deprivation.
During
the study the subjects ate 2400 kcal per day.
Looking at one of the studies cited they mentioned
their study subjects ate 48 - 80gms of Oats per day.
Two studies used this idea by having
study subjects eat normally one day (i.e. unrestricted) and essentially fast the entire second day (i.e., alternate - day fasting), repeated seven times over a two - week period and found conflicting results — one reporting an improvement in insulin sensitivity [2], while the other observed no benefit [3].
Not exact matches
In one
study out of the University of Tennessee, researchers showed that
eating three servings of dairy daily significantly reduced body fat in obese
subjects.
In three experiments — one for each grain —
subjects» satisfaction and subsequent calorie consumption were compared, after
eating the
study grain and after
eating wheat or rice.
One small
study in the British Journal of Nutrition showed that
subjects who
ate the «maximum tolerable dose» of red chili peppers at lunch
ate less fat — and therefore less calories — for the rest of the day.
This was vividly demonstrated by a 2004
study that allowed
subjects on a high - protein diet to
eat as much as they wanted.
As part of the
study's weight loss efforts, all
subjects exercised and
ate 500 fewer calories per day than usual.
In a
study of 45 overweight or obese
subjects who
ate a moderate - fat diet including an avocado daily had lower bad cholesterol than those on a similar diet without the avocado or those on a lower - fat diet (American Heart Association, 2015).
Recent
studies have shown that endorphin blockers do lessen the activation of reward circuits in humans and rodents that are presented with appetizing food — the
subjects eat less.
Arizona State Uni academics found that
study subjects who
ate in front of the mirror were more aware of their bodies and consequently pulled themselves up before overeating.
A
study at the University of Sydney tested perceived fullness in
subjects at 15 minute intervals for two hours after
eating the same number of calories comprising different food items.
In another recent
study, of more than 500 European
subjects, healthier arteries were found in those who
ate raw vegetables and avoided high - fat dairy products.
One hundred healthy
subjects participated in this
study; half of them followed a Prolon FMD five days a month for three months and the other half
ate their usual diet.
In one
study consisting of approximately 20,000
subjects, scientists found that both men and women were around 1.5 times more likely to have excess weight or be obese if they
ate 5 or more times a day, compared to 3 times or fewer.
A lot of
studies have confirmed that performing fasted cardio in the morning accelerates fat loss and a British
study recently published in the «British Journal of Nutrition «found that when the
subjects performed their morning cardio with an empty stomach, they burned around 20 percent more fat than when they
ate before the session.
Study subjects who
ate a low - fat diet followed American Heart Association guidelines and consumed a diet rich in whole grains and low in fatty foods and sweets.
Only one such
study seems to have been conducted as of yet; in that
study, no effects on thyroid function were observed in
subjects eating 150 grams of cooked Brussels sprouts daily for 4 weeks.
There is a single
study that found when
subjects ate only one meal per day instead of three — without cutting calories — they lost 4.4 pounds of fat and gained almost 2 pounds of lean mass in 8 weeks.
A true tightly - controlled weight loss
study means that the
subjects stay in a hospital or research center metabolic ward where all their food is prepared and delivered to them, which is the ONLY way to guarantee we actually know how much they
ate.
In a fascinating research
study, 11 healthy
subjects ate a hamburger patty.
A 2014
study in Nutrition Research found that, when
subjects downed whey protein before
eating their biggest meal of the day, it promoted more favorable changes in appetite, body composition, body mass, and waist circumference versus soy protein.
Catherine Shanahan, MD, cites in her book Deep Nutrition a
study from New Zealand that showed that
subjects who
ate french fries from a restaurant fryer displayed immediate harm to their endothelial function of their arteries, going from a normal 7 % dilation before
eating the french fries to almost NO dilation at all (only 1 %) AFTER
eating the french fries.
In fact, a
study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that men who followed a high - fat, low - fiber diet for 10 weeks had 13 % higher total testosterone than
subjects who
ate low fat and high fiber.
A 2013
study in the journal Metabolism compared
subjects who
ate a high - fat, low - carb diet to those following a low - fat, high - carb diet.
The
study had
subjects eat a relatively medium carb diet, with 40 % of calories coming from carbs.
Incidentally, this is the exact reason that a few
studies show that adding cardio or aerobic training to a diet did not improve fat loss: It's not because the cardio didn't work, it was because the researchers didn't control for diet and the
subjects ate more!!
When there are quality
studies that where
subjects actually
eat a whole food plant based diet of roughly 70 % — 80 % carbohydrates, 10 % — 15 % fat and 10 % — 15 % protein along with consumption of at least 40 grams of fiber a day (any less and it would be an indicator that the
subjects were
eating substantial amounts of highly refined plant foods), and those
studies show that diets like Atkins or Paleo or Weston - Price result in better cholesterol, blood pressure, blood sugar (both fasting and post-prandial) then I will start paying attention to them.
McDougall's claims are all * in PubMed, including the Willcox paper on the Okinawa diet (thousands of
subjects) and other starch -
eating populations, the Ornish diet
studies showing reversal of CVD, prostate cancer, etc., Esselstyn's CVD reversal, Barnard's T2D reversal, and on and on.
Twelve percent of the
subjects, all of whom were vegans, had stage IV B12 deficiency.29 Even though the average length of time the
subjects had followed the raw food diet was only 3.6 years, over half the vegans were developing pernicious anemia; if many of them were
eating folate - rich diets, the proportion of vegans developing irreversible nervous system degeneration might have been even higher than the proportion the
study suggested were suffering from severe deficiency.
In addition, the
subjects who
ate only once a day displayed increasing hunger pangs during the course of the
study.
In our experience, even though we asked the volunteers not to change their diets or
eating patterns before beginning the
study, it is not uncommon for
subjects to report for
study with a fasting glucose concentration lower than when they were recruited (13, 21).
If one was to read the
study by Smith et al. 2014 «Unrestricted Paleolithic Diet is Associated with Unfavorable Changes to Blood Lipids in Healthy
Subjects» There were zero controls whatsoever as all subjects all ate Ad libitum (as much or as little as they wanted) within a «Paleo» framework supplements were also not res
Subjects» There were zero controls whatsoever as all
subjects all ate Ad libitum (as much or as little as they wanted) within a «Paleo» framework supplements were also not res
subjects all
ate Ad libitum (as much or as little as they wanted) within a «Paleo» framework supplements were also not restricted.
Another
study showed that Korean
subjects who were told to
eat their usual Korean traditional diet — rich in kimchi — had lower glycated hemoglobin (HbA ₁ c), and more evidence of lower glucose.4 Jung, S. J., et al. «Beneficial effects of Korean traditional diets in hypertensive and type 2 diabetic patients.»
The 2008
study published in «
Eating Behaviors» found that night eaters consumed less than control
subjects early in the day, but their calorie intake steadily increased throughout the day into the night, and their total calorie intake was higher than the calories consumed by control
subjects.
In fact, a
study showed that
subjects who
ate pecans in quantities that made up 20 % of their calories showed greater antioxidant activity in their blood.
In a new
study published in the Journal of Medicinal Food,
subjects who
ate a fermented cabbage dish daily saw drops in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (or «bad» cholesterol), and fasting blood glucose levels after just one week.
In a recent
study, elderly
subjects (more than sixty years old) were assigned to one of two dietary groups: one group
ate three eggs per day and the other
ate the same amount in egg substitutes for a one - month period.3 The result of this
study was a significant increase in both LDL and HDL cholesterol for those who
ate eggs, but the ratio between the two was not affected significantly.
Studies often report that people
eating low - carb diets lose as much or more weight as those
eating high - carb diets, sometimes despite the
subjects claiming to
eat the same or more calories.
Most of these
studies were conducted under «free - living conditions,» which means the
subjects were given instructions on what to
eat, sent home, and told to track their food intake.
Even at the 30th week of the
study, the
subjects were still
eating around 2,900 calories per day and losing weight.
The
study subjects who
ate a diet abundant in these nutrients consistently scored better on mental performance tests and showed less brain shrinkage.
In a
study last month, scientists found that when a group of
subjects were given an identical serving of ice cream on different occasions, they released more hormones that made them feel full when they
ate it in 30 minutes instead of 5.
[9]
Studies done with human subjects have been harder to quantify, but several studies suggest a positive elevating effect on thyroid hormones in people eating soy protein i
Studies done with human
subjects have been harder to quantify, but several
studies suggest a positive elevating effect on thyroid hormones in people eating soy protein i
studies suggest a positive elevating effect on thyroid hormones in people
eating soy protein isolate.
In the second part of the
study, a randomized crossover trial, 14
subjects ate a diet with rice bran oil for 10 weeks.
Well, an important factor to consider is when
study subjects had last
eaten protein before
eating their pre-workout meals.
In this
study where 12 physically active and healthy
subjects ate a ketogenic diet for 38 days, there was both a bump in the LDL - C from a median of 116 pre keto to a median of 157 post keto.
An increasing number of animal
studies have shown altered markers for health in
subjects exposed to intermittent fasting, i.e. regularly and repeatedly abstaining from
eating during 12 - 36 hours per period.
Yet another example of the same dietary advice not being good for everyone (and one big reason why, despite the prevalence of diet books, we have failed so miserably at controlling the obesity epidemic), is the wild variation in blood sugar response that can occur when
subjects in controlled dietary
studies eat foods like cookies, bananas, sushi and whole - grain bread.