But while experts agree that breast milk is the best nutrition for infants, estimating the actual financial costs of
suboptimal breastfeeding rates is not straightforward.
The health effects for both mothers and infants from
suboptimal breastfeeding rates contribute substantially to health care costs (6,7).
Not exact matches
When infants and young children are not
breastfed or when
breastfeeding is
suboptimal, children risk not only increased
rates of infectious diseases such as gastric and respiratory infections, but increasingly research is documenting the impact of not
breastfeeding on the prevalence of life long chronic diseases such as cancers, diabetes, obesity and cardio vascular disease.
Since this month's publication of my paper «The Burden of
Suboptimal Breastfeeding in the United States» in Pediatrics with Arnold Reinhold, I'm often asked by reporters what the US can do better to improve our breastf
Breastfeeding in the United States» in Pediatrics with Arnold Reinhold, I'm often asked by reporters what the US can do better to improve our
breastfeedingbreastfeeding rates.
Marketing of breast - milk substitutes contributes to low
rates of exclusive
breastfeeding and
suboptimal breastfeeding.
Using a 3 % discount
rate,
suboptimal breastfeeding incurs a total of $ 17.4 billion in cost to society resulting from premature death (95 % confidence interval [CI] $ 4.38 — 24.68 billion), $ 733.7 million in direct costs (95 % CI $ 612.9 — 859.7 million), and $ 126.1 million indirect morbidity costs (95 % CI $ 99.00 — 153.22 million).
Of note, our models may underestimate the true maternal costs of
suboptimal breastfeeding; we modeled the effects of lactation on only five maternal health conditions despite data linking lactation with other maternal health outcomes.46 In addition, women in our model could not develop type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or MI before age 35 years, although these conditions are becoming increasingly prevalent among young adults.47 Although some studies have found an association between lactation and
rates of postmenopausal diabetes22, 23 and cardiovascular disease, 10 we conservatively limited the duration of lactation's effect on both diabetes and MI.
Exclusive
breastfeeding (i.e., provision of only breast milk and vitamin / mineral drops to infants [3]-RRB-
rates are
suboptimal for all ethnic groups.