Specimens of elkhorn coral living in water with excess carbon dioxide have been studied for fertilization rates, ability of larvae to settle on reef substrate (where they produce new corals), and
subsequent growth and survival.3 Three levels of carbon dioxide were tested, corresponding to concentrations today, at mid-century, and at the end of the century on a high -
emissions path.3, 5 At the mid-century concentration, the ability of fertilization to occur and for larvae to settle successfully on the reef was significantly reduced: around 52 percent, and the
decline intensified to about 73 percent at the late - century concentration.3 The corals» ability to survive over the long run
declined as well, by an average of 39 percent and 50 percent respectively.3, 4
Then consider that, if the 350 pathway is defined to have a global peak that's a mere four years later — if
emissions continue to rise until 2015 — then the
subsequent decline would have to reach a nearly unimaginable rate of 20 % per year.
Since 2012,
declines and the
subsequent stability in the price of motor gasoline and other fuels, along with the continued economic recovery, have led to higher fuel consumption and increases in energy - related CO2
emissions in the transportation sector.