There are
substantial equity concerns with this forced feeding of technology - based testing, with substantial concerns that underserved populations such as English learners, students with disabilities, and socio - economic disadvantaged students having less access to technology and thus being at a disadvantage due to the premature forced technology - based testing protocol, thus widening the perceived achievement gap for these students.
With respect to the reported benefit - cost rations, this paper argues that they are a bit low because, first, they do not reflect the
substantial concerns about
equity and uncertainty; and second, because a
substantial part of the benefits (after the year 2100) is not accounted for.