Sentences with phrase «substantial variability in»

We chose to focus solely on mothers to eliminate the possibility of substantial variability in the data, because evidence has indicated that there are marked differences in the responses of fathers and mothers to childhood critical illness.17 Of 212 eligible mothers, 38 (18 %) refused, with the majority stating that they were too stressed or too tired to participate (n = 17) or that they wanted to focus only on their children (n = 7).

The Vostok ice core proxy record shows that there has been substantial variability in temperature near the south pole throughout the Holocene.

The study by Ponte (2012) is referenced for its use of an eddy - resolving ocean state estimate to quantify the substantial variability in temperature and salinity expected in the deep ocean on time scales from months to years.

None of the commonly used medications are FDA approved for treating NAS and there is substantial variability in how these infants are treated.

MRIs of eight living chimps reveal substantial variability in the shape and location of certain features on the brain surface.

Not exact matches

Variability in breathing patterns of infants is good and a sign of health, ordinarily, and such variability is often associated with more substantial inhalations of oxygen, leading to shorter apneas in deep stage of sleep from which awakenings can be difficult (see Richards eVariability in breathing patterns of infants is good and a sign of health, ordinarily, and such variability is often associated with more substantial inhalations of oxygen, leading to shorter apneas in deep stage of sleep from which awakenings can be difficult (see Richards evariability is often associated with more substantial inhalations of oxygen, leading to shorter apneas in deep stage of sleep from which awakenings can be difficult (see Richards et al 1998).

Nonetheless, even if the substantial recent trend in the AO pattern is simply a product of natural multidecadal variability in North Atlantic climate, it underscores the fact that western and southern Greenland is an extremely poor place to look, from a signal vs. noise point of view, for the large - scale polar amplification signature of anthropogenic surface warming.

This suggests that a substantial portion of recent warming in the northeastern Canada and Greenland sector of the Arctic arises from unforced natural variability.

Although the magnitude of potential climate change may be comparable to variability experienced in the past, the rate of that change is anticipated to be significantly greater (Diffenbaugh and Field 2013), with substantial implications for Montana's forests.

According to scientists, «unforced natural variability» (NAO) can actually explain a «substantial portion» of the warming of the Arctic in the last few decades.

However, the large - scale nature of heat content variability, the similarity of the Levitus et al. (2005a) and the Ishii et al. (2006) analyses and new results showing a decrease in the global heat content in a period with much better data coverage (Lyman et al., 2006), gives confidence that there is substantial inter-decadal variability in global ocean heat content.

In an early study, Backman et al. (1995) found substantial inter-individual variability in an isometric time - to - exhaustion test, particularly with changes in age, as well as differences in rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between the subjectIn an early study, Backman et al. (1995) found substantial inter-individual variability in an isometric time - to - exhaustion test, particularly with changes in age, as well as differences in rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between the subjectin an isometric time - to - exhaustion test, particularly with changes in age, as well as differences in rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between the subjectin age, as well as differences in rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between the subjectin rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between the subjects.

Regarding carbohydrate source, a diet with a low versus high glycemic index can be used to reduce HbA1c moderately (by ∼ 0.5 %).13 Case series and pilot studies reveal more substantial improvements in HbA1c and other benefits (less hypoglycemia and reduced glycemic variability) with a very low — carbohydrate diet (VLCD).14 — 21 Although varying to some degree among studies, a VLCD is typically defined as ≤ 20 to 50 g per day of carbohydrates or ≤ 5 % to 10 % carbohydrates as a proportion of calories.22 — 24 In T1DM, small sample sizes and methodological issues limit the significance of VLCD benefits, and little is known about prevalence, practice, and sustainabilitin HbA1c and other benefits (less hypoglycemia and reduced glycemic variability) with a very low — carbohydrate diet (VLCD).14 — 21 Although varying to some degree among studies, a VLCD is typically defined as ≤ 20 to 50 g per day of carbohydrates or ≤ 5 % to 10 % carbohydrates as a proportion of calories.22 — 24 In T1DM, small sample sizes and methodological issues limit the significance of VLCD benefits, and little is known about prevalence, practice, and sustainabilitIn T1DM, small sample sizes and methodological issues limit the significance of VLCD benefits, and little is known about prevalence, practice, and sustainability.

While sitting also causes substantial compression of the gluteus maximus (Al - Dirini et al. 2015), it is still unclear whether extended periods of sitting similarly cause any gluteal atrophy, particularly as there is inter-individual variability in respect of which parts of the gluteus maximus or surrounding subcutaneous fat deposits are used for sitting upon (Sonenblum et al. 2015).

Nonetheless, even if the substantial recent trend in the AO pattern is simply a product of natural multidecadal variability in North Atlantic climate, it underscores the fact that western and southern Greenland is an extremely poor place to look, from a signal vs. noise point of view, for the large - scale polar amplification signature of anthropogenic surface warming.

Deeply confounding factors get in the way — particularly the huge growth in exposure to climate threats through population growth and settlement patterns in vulnerable places and the substantial natural variability in the frequency and intensity of rare extreme events.

It adds this substantial cautionary note, however: that «multi-decadal variability and the quality of the tropical cyclone records prior to routine satellite observations in about 1970 complicate the detection of long - term trends in tropical cyclone activity.»

There is substantial low - frequency atmospheric variability in the Pacific sector over the 20th century, with extended periods of weakened (1900 — 1924; 1947 — 1976) as well as strengthened (1925 — 1946; 1977 — 2003) circulation.

Again, I am no scientist, but one of the reasons I am a skeptic is my belief that natural variability in the climate can be, and has been, substantial historically.

This has resulted in a very substantial neglect of solar influences on climate and natural internal variability.

A substantial component of the low - frequency variability in the GKSS simulation, furthermore, appears to have been a «spin - up» artifact: the simulation was initialized from a very warm 20th century state at AD 1000, prior to the application of preanthropogenic radiative forcing, leading to a long - term drift in mean temperature (Goosse et al., 2005)....

This is required because only the magnitude of the linear trend can be meaningfully compared for such a short time series in the presence of substantial inter-annual variability.

A record hot year in 2014 with no El Nino could well be an indication that the human forcing is beginning to over-ride natural variability and that the ENSO signal, though still very powerful, is becoming more and more muted by an increasingly substantial human heat forcing.

In the Great Lakes, the average annual maximum ice coverage during 2003 - 2013 was less than 43 % compared to the 1962 - 2013 average of 52 %, 99 lower than any other decade during the period of measurements (Figure 18.7), although there is substantial variability from year to year.

In fact, there is substantial research that suggests that variability in the atmosphere could deamplify as the planet warmIn fact, there is substantial research that suggests that variability in the atmosphere could deamplify as the planet warmin the atmosphere could deamplify as the planet warms.

Although substantial interdecadal variability is present in the time series, long - term decreases in upper - level cloud cover occur over land and ocean at low and middle latitudes in both hemispheres.

Noteworthy in the reconstructions are the post-1976 warm / wet period, unprecedented in the 1,425 - year record both in amplitude and duration, anomalous and prolonged late 20th century warmth, that while never exceeded, was nearly equaled in magnitude for brief intervals in the past, and substantial decadal - scale variability within the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age intervals.

Excerpt: Sea level rise has been taking place almost monotonically over the past 8,000 years, with substantial decadal variability embedded in the trend.

... This suggests that a substantial portion of recent warming in the northeastern Canada and Greenland sector of the Arctic arises from unforced natural variability.»

The key point of GG's analysis is that there is substantial decadal scale variability in Arctic sea ice extent.

Our results show that this expected range resulting from internal variability of the NAO is substantial for both SAT and P trends over the next 30 years, and in the case of P can even change the sign of the trend.

The climate of the past millennium was marked by substantial decadal and centennial scale variability in the Northern Hemisphere.

Given the temperature trend acceleration in more recent decades (albeit with substantial sub-decadal variability, seemingly associated with the 11 - year solar cycle), I would estimate the «current» long - term temperature trend to lie somewhere within 0.13 - 0.19 K / Decade.

A substantial part of those waves was probably forced by subseasonal variability in the extratropical midtroposphere circulation via the mechanism of quasiresonant amplification (QRA).

Thus, internal variability of the NAO imparts substantial uncertainty to future changes in regional climate over the coming decades.

Changes in ocean circulation, which are loosely coupled to the atmospheric energy exchange, can produce substantial year - to - year variability in global temperatures (e.g., El Nino and La Nina events).

Even in the absence of changes in external factors, many natural systems exhibit substantial internal variability — such as booms and busts in wild populations — that can last for long periods.

There is high confidence that Arctic sea ice anomalies exhibit substantial interannual variability, so that ice loss or gain in any particular year can not be taken as an indication or absence of a long - term trend due to anthropogenic forcing.

Uncertainty in these trend values arises from different methodological choices made by the groups deriving satellite products (Mears et al., 2011) and radiosonde compilations (Thorne et al., 2011), and from fitting a linear trend to a time series containing substantial interannual and decadal variability (Santer et al., 2008; McKitrick et al., 2010).

The second issue raised in our Science paper (now available free, see bottom of this post) is that perhaps there shouldn't yet have been substantial long - term trends in hurricane intensity — whether we would be able detect them above the natural variability or not — because until the last couple of decades, aerosol cooling effects on hurricanes have been counteracting the effects of greenhouse gas warming.

Over the past 60 years, Alaska has warmed more than twice as rapidly as the rest of the United States, with state - wide average annual air temperature increasing by 3 °F and average winter temperature by 6 °F, with substantial year - to - year and regional variability.1 Most of the warming occurred around 1976 during a shift in a long - lived climate pattern (the Pacific Decadal Oscillation [PDO]-RRB- from a cooler pattern to a warmer one.

Tett SFB et al., JGR 2002 (Estimation of natural and anthropogenic contributions to twentieth century temperature change,) says «Our analysis suggests that the early twentieth century warming can best be explained by a combination of warming due to increases in greenhouse gases and natural forcing, some cooling due to other anthropogenic forcings, and a substantial, but not implausible, contribution from internal variability.

The chapter 9 summary also conceded the discrepancy, but attributed it «to a substantial degree» to natural variability, with «possible» contributions from forcing — mentioning aerosols as well as solar and volcanics — and, «in some models», to too strong a response to greenhouse forcing:

There is medium confidence that this difference between models and observations is to a substantial degree caused by unpredictable climate variability, with possible contributions from inadequacies in the solar, volcanic, and aerosol forcings used by the models and, in some models, from too strong a response to increasing greenhouse - gas forcing.

The very high significance levels of model — observation discrepancies in LT and MT trends that were obtained in some studies (e.g., Douglass et al., 2008; McKitrick et al., 2010) thus arose to a substantial degree from using the standard error of the model ensemble mean as a measure of uncertainty, instead of the ensemble standard deviation or some other appropriate measure for uncertainty arising from internal climate variability... Nevertheless, almost all model ensemble members show a warming trend in both LT and MT larger than observational estimates (McKitrick et al., 2010; Po - Chedley and Fu, 2012; Santer et al., 2013).

While there still is quite a bit of uncertainty surrounding the effects of the PDO on Earth's climate, the U.K. Met Office says that «decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean may have played a substantial role in the recent pause in global surface temperature rise.»

These aspects of precipitation generally exhibit large natural variability, and El Niño and changes in atmospheric circulation patterns such as the North Atlantic Oscillation have a substantial influence.

Before you start your GCM experiment you can reasonably assume based on observation that there is a substantial probability (> 25 %) that natural variability can contribute over.45 C of the observed.9 C rise in land temperatures.

The substantial interannual variability reflects temperature and transport changes, the latter (especially recently) being significantly affected by variability (> 0.2 Sv equivalent) in the Pacific - Arctic pressure - head driving the flow.

In an African savanna system, rainfall after a dry spell generates substantial soil respiration activity and soil respiratory carbon losses (Veenendaal et al., 2004), suggesting strong sensitivity to rainfall variability.