Sentences with phrase «substitution effect»

He was not alone to focus on the starting point in rates to gauge rate cuts» impact on consumption, for hedge fund manager Eric Lonergan also outlined a case which substitution effect of a fall in the opportunity cost of consumption has diminished in the developed world, and saving preferences of those who save may be very resistant to further declines in real rates:

The substitution patterns for each income third with respect to which drinks are substituted are similar to the overall effect, although a trend exists towards larger substitution effects in income third 1 (lowest income)(see supplementary tables A2 - A4).

For non-concentrated sugar sweetened drinks, relatively large substitution effects (cross price value > 0.10) occur for non-concentrated diet soft drinks, concentrated sugar sweetened drinks, milk, fruit juice, and tea and coffee (table 3 ⇓).

Other states that will be hit, but to a lesser extent, are North Dakota, Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming and, if oil prices remain depressed for a while, West Virginia (because of the price substitution effect between natural gas and coal).

Labour supply is not just about income effects; it's about substitution effects caused by changing the marginal (net) tax rate.

This also suggests that trade agreements that apply greater tariff reductions on potentially hazardous food items may catalyze a «hazardous substitution effect,» in which populations replace less hazardous food items with more hazardous commodities that are subject to lower tariffs.

Fourthly, whereas taxes on unhealthy foods may be problematic because of concern about unintended substitution effects (for example, a tax on foods high in saturated fat may lead to a shift towards salty foods), 13 the potential substitutes for sugar sweetened drinks (diet drinks, fruit juice, milk, water) are probably less harmful for health.

Raymond Ziemba, Raktim Mitra, Paul M. Hess - Mode Substitution Effect of Urban Cycle Tracks: Case Study of a Downtown Street in Toronto, Canada

A-site Substitution Effect of Perovskite - type Cobalt and Manganese Oxides on Two - step Water Splitting Reaction for Solar Hydrogen Production

Victor Matheson, an economics professor at the College of the Holy Cross in Massachusetts, says that pre-Olympic studies can be challenged on several grounds, one of which is the «substitution effect.»

In addition, restrictions often have four potential side - effects («substitution effects») which further undermine their effectiveness or can even make them counter-productive.»

One popular theory is the substitution effect.

This alternative to the regular Consumer Price Index takes into account an economic phenomenon called the substitution effect, which reflects changes in consumer behavior when prices of substitutable goods move in different directions.

First, there is the impact of the pipeline on total consumption, and second there is the substitution effect whereby some oil is not produced in other areas due to the KXL - induced increase in production here.

If interest rates rise, the «substitution effect» has a negative sign on consumption: the opportunity cost of consumption in period one has risen, this encourages us to save more and consume less.

Doesn't include the substitution effect.

Instead of forcing a reluctant public to spend on the premise of substitution effect, a more normal rates regime would likely be effective to induce higher investment by aligning policy with the public's interest to meet future obligations.

When you consider this substitution effect, along with the dramatically reduced need for infrastructure, middlemen, shipping and logistics attached to the replacement of hard goods by virtual ones, it's abundantly clear how technology is reshaping our economy.

«It seems a substitution effect shifted that fixed percentage of persons that seek intoxication over to marijuana and apparently reduced gateway introductions by illegal street dealers.»

This in turn caused the price of guar gum to sky rocket and caused a substitution effect that forced a lot of food manufactures to find another solution.

The author also aims at demonstrating the importance of the substitution effect of imposing a selective tax.

The conclusions show that the substitution effect to other non-taxed commodities with relatively high calorie content is significant and that imposing a sugar tax does not necessarily mean lower calorie consumption for consumers.

To illustrate the importance of the substitution effect, the author uses a mathematical model designed to examine the effect of total calorie consumption of a selective tax, rather than simply the consumption of SSBs.

The massive difference in accounting has much to do with something called the «substitution effect.»

Substitution Effect: Assuming that consumers have a fixed leisure budget, when a sports team moves to a city like Detroit from Pontiac, the money that a family spends going to a Lion's game is typically money that would have been spent on other leisure activities like bowling or going to the movies.

For one, his published study does not take into account what is called the «substitution effect», which makes another weighty argument for cascading use: «The use of wood products helps to avoid greenhouse gas emissions that result during the production of non-wood products such as steel or concrete — and that applies equally for each additional cascading stage,» Professor Richter explained.

«But we really need to study the substitution effect in real time.»

This includes looking at the effect of a wage increase / decrease, derived demand, marginal revenue and productivity (kinked demand curve) and the income and substitution effects.

«With our manufacturing and platform engineering flexibility, we can deliver a high - quality product specifically tailored to Volkswagen's customers» tastes with little or no substitution effect on the current Dodge and Chrysler minivan lineup.»

It includes several sub-topics such as income effect, substitution effect, shifts in supply, shifts in demand, equilibrium, price controls, to name a few.

At American Money Management we do one other thing to counteract the substitution effect.

We could go on with other intellectual weaknesses of the CPI — substitution effects, owners equivalent rent and hedonics, none of which are theoretically wrong, but which are applied wrongly, and lead to an underestimate of inflation.

For those familiar with the jargon, the idea is to take advantage of the substitution effect of higher prices (in this case, inspiring substitution out of carbon - intensive energy sources) while using compensation to ameliorate the regressive nature of the associated income effect.

Specifically, the ECA results confirm the substitution effect between the installed capacity of solar PV and fossil fuels.

Put differently, the Court believes there is a «substitution effect» between reproductions made from lawful sources and those made from unlawful sources.