By these measures, momentum, illiquidity, and low - volatility strategies score badly,
suggesting high trading costs and low capacity, while value and quality strategies tend to score well, as do low - turnover strategies such as indexing, equal - weight, and Fundamental Index ™.
In summary, evidence
suggests that individual investors who
trade options in aggregate underperform their counterparts who do not because: (1) they are especially prone to overreact to past market returns; and, (2) they bear
high trading costs.