The score ranges from 0 to 63 points, where higher score
suggests higher level of depressive symptoms.28 This questionnaire has exhibited good internal consistency and good convergent and divergent validity in individuals with MS. 29
Not exact matches
Results
of Study 1
suggest that low
levels of maternal overprotection and
high levels of paternal overprotection significantly predict LMS scores, beyond the effects
of current anxious and
depressive symptoms.
The relationship between
depressive symptoms and step count has only been assessed in specific populations with small sample sizes, such as low - socioeconomic status Latino immigrants, 16 elderly Japanese people17 or patients with chronic conditions such as heart failure18 19 or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.20 21 Studies yield contradictory results, with some observing no association between
depressive symptoms and daily step count, 19 21 while others report a negative correlation.16 — 18 20 In one cross-sectional sample
of healthy older adults, an inverse association between
depressive symptoms (using the Goldberg Depression Scale - 15) and accelerometer measured daily step count disappeared after controlling for general health and disability.22 While a systematic review
suggests reduced
levels of objectively measured PA in patients with depression, 23 it is not known whether this association is present in those at
high risk
of CVD and taken into account important confounding such as gender and age.
In doing so, the results
suggest that individuals who feel that they can not exert an impact on important outcomes in their lives contribute to greater interpersonal conflict which in turn, results in
higher levels of depressive symptoms.
They further
suggest that all forms
of avoidant coping, whether stable or not, were linked with
high levels of depressive symptoms even 2 years later.
Using multiple linear regression analyses, our results
suggest that
higher levels of childhood
depressive symptoms and earlier menarche have independent effects on adolescent
depressive symptoms.
This may cause potential reporter bias, since cognitive theories
of depression
suggest that mothers with
higher levels of depressive symptoms seem to perceive various aspects
of their life, including their child's mental health, in a more negative way compared to mothers with lower
levels of depressive symptoms (Kraemer et al. 2003).