The fMRI - based findings
suggest that breastfeeding and factors associated with breastfeeding, such has
high levels of hormones (oxytocin,
prolactin), stress, and culture may all play an important role for mothers» brain activity and parenting behaviors during the early postpartum period.
It has been reported that maternal PPD is a predictor of paternal one since the first is
higher during the three months postpartum.8 Based on the existing knowledge of maternal PPD, literature
suggests that also paternal PPD could be related with hormonal changes regarding alteration of testosterone, estrogen, vasopressin,
prolactin and cortisol
levels.10 In addition to mood disturbances,
high parenting distress
levels could also be considered a important factor compromising the parenting competence and the daily child care.17 Parenting stress is a construct related to the parent role and influenced by expectations and perceptions of child characteristics, parent characteristics and parental - infant interaction quality.