Prediction models based on
summer time measurements show increasing acidity by 2070 that would have a major impact on animals with shells and animals at the bottom of the food chain that would then work its way up to affecting the large animals that depend on them for food.
In fact, during the continent's
summer this
time last year, there was less melting than at any
time in the 30 years that we have had reliable satellite
measurements of the region.
''... worked with two sediment cores they extracted from the seabed of the eastern Norwegian Sea, developing a 1000 - year proxy temperature record «based on
measurements of δ18O in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a planktonic foraminifer that calcifies at relatively shallow depths within the Atlantic waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea during late
summer,» which they compared with the temporal histories of various proxies of concomitant solar activity... This work revealed, as the seven scientists describe it, that «the lowest isotope values (highest temperatures) of the last millennium are seen ~ 1100 - 1300 A.D., during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and again after ~ 1950 A.D.» In between these two warm intervals, of course, were the colder temperatures of the Little Ice Age, when oscillatory thermal minima occurred at the
times of the Dalton, Maunder, Sporer and Wolf solar minima, such that the δ18O proxy record of near - surface water temperature was found to be «robustly and near - synchronously correlated with various proxies of solar variability spanning the last millennium,» with decade - to century - scale temperature variability of 1 to 2 °C magnitude.»
That warm bias - error is variable in
time and space, non-random, occurs in
summer and winter
measurements, and is not a constant offset.