Sentences with phrase «surface atmospheric layer»

One explanation for the seasonal offset is that the large summertime snow / ice change alters ground temperatures, and these ground temperature changes are felt more at ground - level during winter when the surface atmospheric layer is most stable.

Not exact matches

It's what scientists have jokingly nicknamed the mesosphere, the third atmospheric layer from Earth's surface.

This image from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) shows emission from hot plasma (T ~ 80,000 - 100,000 K) in the Sun's transition region — the atmospheric layer between the surface and the outer corona.

That heated surface air then rose into the atmospheric boundary layer — the lowest level of the troposphere — doubling its height to more than 4 kilometers, and creating a thick blanket of heat.

At that time, changes in atmospheric - oceanic circulation led to a stratification in the ocean with a cold layer at the surface and a warm layer below.

As a result of this, more of the CO2 bound in organic matter remains in the surface layer, which reduces the ocean's potential to take up atmospheric CO2.»

The corona is heated to millions of degrees, yet the lower atmospheric layers like the photosphere — the visible surface of the Sun — are only heated to a few thousand degrees.

Propose numerical experiments aiming to refine numerical techniques and the formulation of atmospheric physics processes, boundary layer processes and land surface processes in models.

While the large atmospheric pressure at the surface and the high altitude of the Venusian cloud layer appears to exclude the possibility of cloud - to - ground lightning (Gurnett et al. 2001; Aplin 2006), several authors have suggested that lightning discharges above, between or within clouds may occur (Borucki 1982; Russell & Scarf 1990; Gurnett et al. 2001).

«Data collected by satellites and balloon - borne instruments since 1979 indicate little if any warming of the low - to mid - troposphere — the atmospheric layer extending up to about 5 miles from the Earth's surface.

Akdogan often utilizes objects counter to their intended use — traditionally, colored gels for cinematic and theatrical lighting create distinct light conditions while remaining hidden from view; the artist extracts and edits the atmospheric and surface properties of these materials, often directly in the exhibition space — manipulating layers of color pigments, print, and light sources.

The metallic surfaces of the large paintings, in part mimetically related to the play of light on the ocean at midday, join such innovations as the use of spray paint to create atmospheric layers of transparent color over color and the use of mylar and networks of tape to form geometric figures.

The resulting surfaces are at once atmospheric and tactile, revealing rich layers of underlying colors.

In his early career, Olitski depicted abstract shapes with thick, heavily impastoed surfaces, but later took to layering thin films of spraypaint onto his canvases, creating a trademark atmospheric effect.

«Data collected by satellites and balloon - borne instruments since 1979 indicate little if any warming of the low - to mid - troposphere — the atmospheric layer extending up to about 5 miles from the Earth's surface.

These four channels measure the atmospheric temperature in four thick layers spanning the surface through the stratosphere...... The brightness temperature for each channel corresponds to an average temperature of the atmosphere averaged over that channel's weighting function.

The standard assumption has been that, while heat is transferred rapidly into a relatively thin, well - mixed surface layer of the ocean (averaging about 70 m in depth), the transfer into the deeper waters is so slow that the atmospheric temperature reaches effective equilibrium with the mixed layer in a decade or so.

What is still contentious is what the result implies for the YD climate change and the megafaunal extinctions, incorporating the ideas of both the broad large scale cometary debris impact scenario at low grazing angles, and the direct asteroidal impact into water and ice covered surfaces, and all that implies with the ice sheet disruptions, megatsunamis and the ozone layer and atmospheric effects and disruption that are possible in these events.

Hypothesis A — Because the atmospheric radiation is completely absorbed in the first few microns it will cause evaporation of the surface layer, which takes away the energy from the back radiation as latent heat into the atmosphere.

The advantage of the ocean heat content changes for detecting climate changes is that there is less noise than in the surface temperature record due to the weather that affects the atmospheric measurements, but that has much less impact below the ocean mixed layer.

Given that the other important variables (sea surface temps, depth of the warm layer, and atmospheric moisture) are all predicted to increase, it seems hard to make the claim that tropical cyclones will be unchanged, just as it seemed unwise to claim that Lyman et al's «Recent cooling of the upper oceans» meant that climate models had fatal flaws.

This simple radiative example (convective transport is not being allowed) shows that any finite surface temperature Ts can be supported in radiative equilibrium with any arbitrarily cold «upper atmosphere» temperature Tt, by prescribing the appropriate LW opacity TAU for the atmospheric layer, with the energy required to maintain a fixed Ts adjusted accordingly.

Ray: «The IR flux from the warmer surface excites much of the CO2 — much more than would be excited at thermal equilibrium at the temperature of the atmospheric layer where the photon is absorbed.»

Starting with zero atmospheric LW absorption, adding any small amount cools the whole atmopshere towards a skin temperature and warms the surface — tending to produce a troposphere (the forcing at any level will be positive, and thus will be positive at the tropopause; it will increase downward toward the surface if the atmosphere were not already as cold as the skin temperature, thus resulting in atmospheric cooling toward the skin temperature; cooling within the troposphere will be balanced by convective heating from the surface at equilibrium, with that surface + troposphere layer responding to tropopause - level forcing.)

(By similar logic, increasing atmospheric optical thickness tends to increase the downward flux at the surface or any other level, and reduce the upward flux at TOA or any other level, but with exceptions due to inversions (layers with increasing temperature with height).

You don't even need a surface to have an atmospheric greenhouse effect (on a planet like Jupiter for example, any point along a T (p) curve within a convecting layer will be higher than it would be if its atmosphere were totally transparent to thermal radiation).

Thus any process which tends to favor the growth of organisms made from silicate, such as diatoms, over organisms made from carbonate, such as the coccolithophorids, will tend to lower the atmospheric CO2 concentration — and vice versa — even if the total organic biomass formed in the surface layer and sinking from that layer remains constant.

You know, for a little while there I even thought that Bob T himself (who is undoubtedly an interesting fellow) might even be sharp enough to appreciate that the coupling of increased atmospheric CO2 and increased seawater N nutrient levels to produce enhanced cyanobacterial productivity in near surface layers of the oceans would also produce the weather - moderating effects listed above (particularly in the areas where tropical storms are «brewed»).

Even as the stratosphere — the higher atmospheric layer — is cooling, the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere are warming.

Since coming to PNNL, he has led or been significantly involved in studies of effects of surface heterogeneity on boundary layer structure, of mesoscale atmospheric flows induced or modulated by complex terrain, of the simulation of dust emission by wind erosion, and of the capabilities of a variety of atmospheric instruments — including a mass spectrometer and wind profiling radar — for measuring atmospheric turbulence.

Indeed, if atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration were to quadruple then the change to ocean surface layer pH would be within the existing variations (both spatial and temporal) of ocean pH.

Last week, one of these unexpected disasters was suddenly revealed: a paper in Science argued that powerful thunderstorms threaten to rip a hole in the atmospheric ozone layer that protects the planet's surface from dangerous ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.

Propose numerical experiments aiming to refine numerical techniques and the formulation of atmospheric physics processes, boundary layer processes and land surface processes in models.

In any case; the question seems to me to be moot, since there is general agreement that CO2 and H2O and other GHG molecules DO capture LWIR from the surface or other atmospheric layers; which must increase the net energy (and Temperature) of THAT layer.

The global surface is set up as a grid with several dozen vertical layers to resolve the atmospheric temperature structure.

A National Research Council panel was convened to examine observed trends of temperature near the surface and in the lower to midtroposphere (the atmospheric layer extending from the earth's surface up to about 8 km).

However, I have argued elsewhere, that because of both temperature and density gradients, the escape path to space is favored over the return path to the surface; because of re-absorption in subsequent atmospheric layers.

Each higher and cooler layer in turn emits thermal radiation corresponding to its temperature; and much of that also escapes directly to space around the absorption bands of the higher atmosphere layers; and so on; so that the total LWIR emission from the earth should then be a composite of roughly BB spectra but with source temepratures ranging ove the entire surface Temeprature range, as well as the range of atmospheric emitting Temperatures.

It seems to me that any layer from the surface to the highest limits of the atmosphere is radiating some roughly blackbody looking spectrum corresponding to its own Temperature; and much of that spectrum exits directly to space (assuming cloudless skies for the moment) with a spectrum corresponding to the emission temperature of that surface; but now with holes in it from absorption by GHG molecules or the atmospheric gases themselves.

Water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide — the so - called greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth's atmosphere - create a natural «greenhouse effect» by «trapping» heat between the Earth's surface and the Troposphere (the atmospheric layer 5 to 10 miles above the surface).

For those who do not believe an warmer but still cold atmospheric layer can not cause the surface to warm clearly do not understand the basic physics of radiative heat transfer.

2 The troposphere is the atmospheric layer where the temperature generally decreases with height, extending from the surface up to approximately 10 — 15 km, and the stratosphere is the stable layer above that extending up to approximately 50 km.

Global average surface air temperatures only reflect the heat present in the atmospheric layer immediately above the land / ocean surface.

This is called a «two - layer» model, with the two layers being the surface and the atmospheric shell.

A reduction to surface layer pH of only 0.1 (which is much too small to be detectable) would induce more than all the change to atmospheric CO2 concentration of 290 ppmv to ~ 400 ppmv which has happened since before the industrial revolution.

An alteration of ocean surface layer pH alters the equilibrium concentration of atmospheric CO2.

Because the atmospheric radiation is completely absorbed in the first few microns it will cause evaporation of the surface layer, which takes away the energy from the back radiation as latent heat into the atmosphere.

Water that travels past under - sea volcanism will dissolve sulphur ions which reduce its pH. This low pH water will reach the ocean surface centuries later and thus will reduce the pH of the surface layer with resulting increase to atmospheric CO2 concentration.

Even if storms are absent, the cold atmospheric temperatures of winter chill the surface layers of the ocean.

Based on the understanding of both the physical processes that control key climate feedbacks (see Section 8.6.3), and also the origin of inter-model differences in the simulation of feedbacks (see Section 8.6.2), the following climate characteristics appear to be particularly important: (i) for the water vapour and lapse rate feedbacks, the response of upper - tropospheric RH and lapse rate to interannual or decadal changes in climate; (ii) for cloud feedbacks, the response of boundary - layer clouds and anvil clouds to a change in surface or atmospheric conditions and the change in cloud radiative properties associated with a change in extratropical synoptic weather systems; (iii) for snow albedo feedbacks, the relationship between surface air temperature and snow melt over northern land areas during spring and (iv) for sea ice feedbacks, the simulation of sea ice thickness.