Sentences with phrase «surface chemical composition»

Measurements of surface chemical composition, either by direct sampling (as has been done on Earth, the moon, and Mars) or through spectroscopic observations, can be used to estimate elemental abundances and the degree of chemical differentiation that occurred as the planets condensed from the solar nebula.

Greenpeace reports that in three cases bromine was present in more than one percent of the total surface chemical composition of the material tested, prompting the environmental organization to conclude that there was «continued widespread use of either additive or reactive brominated flame retardants.»

Not exact matches

The new technique for functional imaging allows probing of regions on the order of billionths of meters, or nanometers, to characterize a sample's surface hills and valleys, its elasticity (or «bounciness») throughout deeper layers, and its chemical composition.

The experiments showed that, in the search for egg - laying sites, the flies respond to the texture of the fruit, to the chemical composition of the surface and to characteristic odor compounds.

The team were able to draw these conclusions by analysing new data from the chemical composition of the fossilised shells of sea surface and seafloor organisms from that period, taken from drilling cores from the ocean floor in the South Atlantic.

IF MOLTEN rock once rained onto Earth's surface, it might explain puzzling differences between the chemical compositions of our planet and the moon.

The bright colors in this moon dirt represent the volume and scattering of surface material as well as the chemical composition of matter underneath the surface.

But moon rocks — some of them analyzed with ever more powerful spectroscopy to reveal chemical composition here on Earth and some by robotic craft on the lunar surface itself — are still full of surprises.

The probe is gathering data on the mineral and chemical composition of Mercury's surface, its magnetic field, its surface topography and its interactions with the solar wind.

Knowing how the internal and surface structure of a battery material changes over a wide range of chemical compositions will aid future studies on cathode transformations and could also lead to the development of new battery materials.

In particular, sensors that could analyze the chemical composition of the plumes, either remotely or by sampling the material as it whizzed through the vapor, could provide keen insights into the chemical processes taking place on or deep beneath Europa's icy surface.

Grundy et al. analyzed the colors and chemical compositions of their surfaces, with ices of H2O, CH4, CO, N2, and NH3 and a reddish material which may be tholins.

While silica does not participate directly in the catalysis, the surface molecular composition of the silica grains can influence its effectiveness if the chemical group is predominantly hydrophilic or hydrophobic.

The researchers were puzzled by a nonlinear drop in surface water diffusivity — as measured by the Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization apparatus in the Han lab — as the chemical composition of the silica surface moved from hydrophobic to hydrophilic.

The 2D analogue material has the same chemical composition and active site as the 3D porous zeolite but its active site is exposed on a flat surface, which is easier to access with such tools.

Chang» e 1 has spectrometers to map the chemical composition of the Moon's surface, a laser altimeter to map the Moon's topography and a camera to photograph the surface.

An X-ray spectrometer onboard the spacecraft measured the X-ray radiation from the planet's surface, produced by solar flares on the sun, to determine the chemical composition of more than 5,800 lava deposits on Mercury's surface.

The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) probe orbited Mercury between 2011 and 2015, collecting measurements of the planet's chemical composition with each flyby.

The researchers determined the chemical compositions of the tiny crystals that formed in each sample, in order to identify the original material that may have made up Mercury's interior before it melted and erupted onto the surface.

Although radar systems have been used in the past to provide high - resolution maps of Venus» surface, Venus Express is the first orbiting spacecraft to produce a map that hints at the chemical composition of the rocks.

«Particle pathways are tricky because they can form what appear to be crystals with the traditional faceted surfaces or they can have completely unexpected shapes and chemical compositions,» said Dove, the corresponding author of the study and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

During the 1950's, McKellar became increasingly interested in giant cold stars (those with surface temperatures as low as 2,000 ° C) and broadened our knowledge about their size and chemical composition.

The chemical composition of these decay products in relation to the substrate material, the various conservation and restoration historic phases is discussed along with their spatial distribution on the monument's surfaces and also in correlation with environmental and climatic data.

ESA plans to pack the solar - powered spacecraft with a suite of instruments, which will collect high - resolution pictures as well as data on the moons» chemical compositions, magnetic environments, and surface features.

For the first two weeks of June, NASA scientists have been at Keck Observatory, using its two telescopes to gather data about the chemical composition of its surface and atmosphere and how they interact.

The densities and chemical compositions of the two rocky planets are also similar, and radar observations found that Venus has relatively few craters indicating a relatively young or quickly changing surface like Earth.

Its distance is known precisely, and the discovery also enables researchers to place strong constraints on important factors such as its mass, orbit, age, and chemical composition without reference to the spectrum of light received from its surface.

Although scientists are aware that the chemical composition in the plume may have originated from an ancient, now frozen, sub-surface ocean, the freezing process would have isolated the salt far from the surface, preventing it from being released.

Deep Impact was re-routed after its 2005 visit and launch of an impactor into the surface of Comet Temple 1 (another short - period comet with a 5.5 - year orbit), which created a plume of ice and dust that was analyzed for its chemical composition.

u «It has become apparent that Martian meteorites have different chemical compositions from rocks analysed on the planet's surface.»

Spatially - resolved characterization as a function of position on the thin film, and hence as a function of the graded thin film parameter: chemical composition (XRF, RBS) and crystallographic structure (XRD, Raman); microstructure (SEM, AFM) and surface properties (PES / XPS / UPS, KP); electrochemical (SECM), electrical (conductivity, Seebeck), optical (uv - vis, FTIR, PL) properties.

In 1999, the chapel closed for 18 months while conservator Carol Mancusi - Ungaro led a team that investigated their chemical composition and fought back a subtle white film that had begun to mar their surfaces.

The researchers had to estimate such variables as the chemical composition of the atmosphere, the amount of sunlight reflected by Earth's surface back into the atmosphere, and the movement of heat and salinity in the oceans at a time when all the continents were consolidated into the giant land mass known as Pangaea.

We can not eliminate the possibility that slow evolution of environmental conditions (e.g., surface temperature and irradiation) and snow composition (e.g., sea salts levels) induced slight evolution in chemical processes involving GEM in the shallow firn during recent decades.

Poorly characterized mechanisms driving both production and destruction of GEM in the interstitial air of snowpacks depend on environmental conditions (irradiation, temperature, and presence of water layer around snow grains) and the chemical composition of snow (e.g., presence of halogens or divalent mercury species as a consequence of surface deposition)(25).

We should have done our utmost to prolong the Earth's largely unprecedented 10,000 years of climatic stability by not having rapidly changed our atmosphere's chemical composition and by not having made other drastic changes to the surface of our planet.