Sentences with phrase «surface ice layer»

Only four days before, just 40 percent of the surface ice layer was thawing.

«The Greenland ice sheet, which is up to 3000 + metres thick, is not «melting away», did not «melt in four days», it is not «melting fast», and Greenland did not «lose 97 per cent of its surface ice layer».»

Not exact matches

The study suggests that up until 1997, whenever the ice caps and glaciers melted, the runoff would be filtered through a layer of older snow called the «firn» and trickle down to the ice surface, where it would freeze again, allowing the glaciers and ice caps to grow each winter.

Spoon the ice cream into the dish in an even layer and smooth up the surface with the back of a spoon.

Spread a thin layer across the surface of the green ice cream, smoothing to cover it completely.

«The surface layer between ice and liquid is very complicated,» he says.

Under certain conditions, the warm water of the lower layer can reach the surface and melt the ice.

Higher precipitation levels in the region and melting ice would decouple the surface from the deeper water layers.

These ice deposits would likely require a thin insulating blanket, perhaps a layer of fine - grained surface material, or regolith, to keep it from sublimating away.

Scientists aren't sure if it has a rocky surface or one that's buried beneath thick layers of gas and ice.

He argues that such surfaces can easily form a new layer of ice or even frost flowers — rare (and gorgeous) ice crystals that grow upward from the sea.

Using the Shallow Radar instrument aboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Holt was able to peek beneath the ice's surface for clues; in particular, the radar could pick out differences in electrical reflectivity between overlying layers, showing how the ice built up over time.

SLIPS's thin layer of liquid lubricant allows liquids to flow easily over the surface, much as a thin layer of water in an ice rink helps an ice skater glide.

Finding a layer of ash in the ice wouldn't be surprising: the West Antarctic Ice Sheet straddles a broad continental rift that is known to harbor volcanoes, some of them exposed on the surface and others sealed under iice wouldn't be surprising: the West Antarctic Ice Sheet straddles a broad continental rift that is known to harbor volcanoes, some of them exposed on the surface and others sealed under iIce Sheet straddles a broad continental rift that is known to harbor volcanoes, some of them exposed on the surface and others sealed under iceice.

The new ice - scarp studies confirm indications from fresh - crater and neutron - spectrometer observations that a layer rich in water ice begins within just one or two yards of the surface in some areas.

Fissures and fractures around Tombaugh Regio and other parts of the planet suggested a subsurface layer of watery slush might be slowly solidifying, breaking up the surface as it expands like ice cubes in a freezer — but other, drier possibilities could also explain such cracks.

The glacier ice found by the team, which came from a layer that began just 50 centimetres below the surface, was dated by analysing the relative abundances of isotopes of argon in a thin layer of overlying volcanic ash.

The drought that is devastating California and much of the West has dried the region so much that 240 gigatons worth of surface and groundwater have been lost, roughly the equivalent to a 3.9 - inch layer of water over the entire West, or the annual loss of mass from the Greenland Ice Sheet, according to the study.

Bright, streaky material visible underneath many of the craters all but proves that Phoebe's dusky surface is in fact a thin layer on top of a mother lode of ice, Mitchell says.

Using spectral readings from telescopes at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii, Hand has found high levels of oxidative chemicals such as sulfate, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on Europa's surface, which are produced as ionizing radiation from Jupiter scours it, splitting apart water molecules and sulfur compounds in the uppermost layers of its ice.

The top layer is superhydrophobic, preventing freezing rain from forming ice on the surface.

They also looked at whether craters made by the comets hitting the surface could excavate enough nitrogen — but that would require a very deep layer of nitrogen ice at the surface, which is not proven.

New research shows how a layer of water on the surface of ice — even at temperatures well below freezing — can influence everything from the slipperiness of a skating rink to the electrification of thunderclouds

But the bottoms - up ice formation could make finding that old ice harder, since the new layer of ice scrambles the older layers of ice above it, or it could make it easier, because the older ice will be closer to the surface of the ice sheet.

That base layer can warp and lift the ice above it, which is formed by snow deposited on the ice sheet's surface.

Researchers were surprised to find a 7,700 - square - mile piece (about the size of Wales) missing, but they theorized that it had moved over warmer ice layers until it collided with another plate and was forced beneath the surface, out of view.

To melt only the ice layer immediately in contact with the surface, he has developed a way of pulsing electric current into the heater in 1 - millisecond bursts.

The craft is designed to dig into the cementlike layer of ice that researchers believe lies buried a few inches below the surface in the planet's polar regions, scanning for signs of past liquid water and organic compounds, the carbon - rich molecules that make life on Earth possible.

«In the past this extensive warmth was well isolated from the surface layers and ice by a fresh cold layer... Our moorings demonstrated that this layer disappeared in 2013 - 14 and 2014 - 15 winters, which has never been observed of the Arctic Ocean before,» said Polyakov.

The instrument sends down radar waves, which reflect off of the ice surface, layers inside the ice sheet and bedrock back to the instrument, giving researchers a three - dimensional view.

The P - 3 Orion, based at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, will carry IceBridge's most comprehensive instrument suite: a scanning laser altimeter that measures surface elevation, three types of radar systems to study ice layers and the bedrock underneath the ice sheet, a high - resolution camera to create color maps of polar ice, and infrared cameras to measure surface temperatures of sea and land ice.

Very little happening in summer itself (as expected) as the melting ice surface and heat sensible heat gain in the mixed layer limit the surface air temperature change.

The reason for that, they suggest, is that instead of landing directly on the surface, ejecta from Lyot landed on a thick layer of ice, which prevented it from gouging the surface beneath the ice.

Bacteria, however, have remained Earth's most successful form of life — found miles deep below as well as within and on surface rock, within and beneath the oceans and polar ice, floating in the air, and within as well as on Homo sapiens sapiens; and some Arctic thermophiles apparently even have life - cycle hibernation periods of up to a 100 million years while waiting for warmer conditions underneath increasing layers of sea sediments (Lewis Dartnell, New Scientist, September 20, 2010; and Hubert et al, 2010).

«The reason for the layering is that global warming in parts of Antarctica is causing land - based ice to melt, adding massive amounts of freshwater to the ocean surface,» said ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science researcher Prof Matthew England an author of the paper.

The research published in Nature Communications found that in the past, when ocean temperatures around Antarctica became more layered - with a warm layer of water below a cold surface layer - ice sheets and glaciers melted much faster than when the cool and warm layers mixed more easily.

Weinberger designed the observations to be able to detect large water ice grains in the surface layer of the disk.

The distribution of the flow types varies with latitude — and the researchers think this means different surface layers of the asteroid contain different amounts of ice.

Pritchard et al. used a combination of satellite laser altimetry and modelling of the surface firn layer to show ice - shelf thinning around Antarctica as a result of increased basal melt.

The researchers found a layer of smooth ice had grown on the graphene, not the usual puckered layers of ice seen on water friendly or hydrophilic surfaces.

The Danish Meteorological Institute reported that although it's only April, nearly 12 percent of the ice sheet's surface is covered with a layer of meltwater of a depth of at least a millimeter.

At sites across the midsection of Mars, scientists have found layers of water ice buried mere feet beneath the red planet's surface.

Impact craters at many latitudes sometimes expose thin ice layers a foot or so beneath Mars» surface.132 «At polar latitudes, as much as 50 percent of the upper meter of soil may be [water] ice.»

When an icy impact occurred, the impactor's kinetic energy became heat energy, instantly melted some ice, gouged out a crater, and kicked up into Mars» thin atmosphere large amounts of debris mixed with water (liquid, ice crystals, and vapor)-- and complex organic molecules that obviously came recently from life.127 Then, the dirt and salt - water mixture settled back to the surface in vast layers of thin sheets — strata — especially around the crater.

Compositional data also show that the surface of Piri Planitia is more enriched in water ice (shown in false colour as blue) than the higher plateaus, which may indicate that Piri Planitia's surface is made of water ice bedrock, just beneath a layer of retreating methane ice.

They suspect that the methane ice - rich surface on Pluto may be sublimating away into the atmosphere, exposing a layer of water - ice underneath.

As this water moves through rocks, it dissolves salt compounds and pushes through fractures in the overlying ice to form reservoirs closer the moon's surface, where it is expelled into space when the outermost layer of the crust cracks open and the resulting depressurization of these reservoirs causes water vapor and ice particles to shoot out in the observed plumes.

A key characteristic of the locations where CO2 ice condenses is that there is always a permafrost layer composed of water ice - cemented grains a few centimeters below the surface.

Using a spatula spread a layer of maple icing over the surface.

The outer layer of Safe Paw granules liquefies on contact with ice and begins to penetrate and break up the surface.